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DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15763
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ·New York
Orale Zuckerlösungen in der Schmerztherapie von Neu- und Frühgeborenen[*]
Oral sugar solutions for the treatment of procedural pain in term and preterm neonatesPublication History
Publication Date:
15 August 2001 (online)
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Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung Um die Tauglichkeit oraler Zuckerlösungen in der Schmerztherapie bei Neugeborenen zu prüfen, untersuchten wir in diesem Übersichtsartikel folgende Fragen: Brauchen Neugeborene bei Blutentnahmen eine Schmerztherapie? Warum verändern orale Zuckerlösungen die Schmerzreaktionen von Neugeborenen? Wie wirksam sind orale Zuckerlösungen in der klinischen Anwendung?
Methodik Ausgewertet wurden relevante Artikel aus der Literaturdatenbank PubMed zwischen Januar 1990 und September 2000.
Ergebnisse Eine Schmerztherapie für Blutentnahmen bei Neugeborenen ist wünschenswert, weil diese schmerzempfindlicher als Erwachsene sind, weil sie bei Blutentnahmen deutliche Schmerzreaktionen zeigen und weil wiederholte akute Schmerzen in der Neonatalperiode zu langfristigen Veränderungen des Schmerzverhaltens führen können. Orale Zuckerlösungen wurden als Schmerztherapie bei Blutentnahmen untersucht. Sie wirken in den ersten 2 Minuten nach Gabe über die orotaktile Stimulation durch die Flüssigkeit im Mund. Danach bleibt die Wirkung noch bis zu 10 Minuten bestehen, weil die orogustatorische Stimulation durch die intensive Süße der Lösung zu einer Endorphinfreisetzung führt. In randomisierten-kontrollierten Studien schwächten orale Zuckerlösungen (je 2 ml einer 25 %-Saccharose- oder 30 %-Glukoselösung) die bei kapillären und venösen Blutentnahmen auftretenden schmerzassoziierten Verhaltensreaktionen von Früh- und Neugeborenen ab und verringerten Schreidauer und Herzfrequenzanstieg. Sie sind stärker und länger wirksam als traditionelle beruhigende Maßnahmen, wie Anwesenheit der Eltern, Schnuller oder die Gabe von Muttermilch. Für stärkere Schmerzen, z. B. bei Zirkumzision, sind Zuckerlösungen allerdings keine ausreichende Schmerztherapie.
Schlussfolgerungen Die Wirksamkeit oraler Zuckerlösungen bei einer einmaligen Blutentnahme beim Neugeborenen, z. B. für das Stoffwechselscreening, ist gut dokumentiert. Weitere Untersuchungen zur Festlegung der minimal wirksamen Einzeldosis und zu Wirksamkeit und Nebenwirkungen bei wiederholtem Einsatz von Zuckerlösungen beim selben Patienten sind notwendig.
Objectives We review the efficacy of oral sugar solutions for treating procedural pain in neonates and address the following questions: Do newborns need analgesic therapy for procedural pain during blood sampling? How do sugars influence pain-reactions of neonates? What is the efficacy of sugar solutions in clinical practice?
Methods We searched for relevant articles in the PubMed database from 1990 to September 2000.
Results Treatment of procedural pain in newborns is desirable because they are more sensitive to pain than adults, they show marked pain reactions during blood sampling and repeated acute pain in the newborn period results in longterm behavioural changes. Oral sugar solutions have been studied for treatment of procedural pain in neonates. Their initial effect is the result of orotactile stimulation by the intraoral fluid. The orogustatory stimulation by the sweet taste prolongs the effect for up to 10 minutes through endorphin release. In randomized-controlled trials oral sugar solutions (2 ml of 25 % sucrose or 30 % glucose) reduced pain reactions and crying and attenuated the heart rate increase after capillary and venous blood sampling in term and preterm neonates. They are more effective than traditional calming strategies, like cuddling by parents, use of a pacifier, or breast feeding. Yet, sugar solutions provide no adequate analgesia for more severe pain, e.g. during circumcision.
Conclusions Sugar solutions effectively relieve procedural pain during blood sampling in neonates. Additional studies are needed to determine the minimal effective dose and the efficacy and side effects of repeated sugar doses in the same patient.
Schlüsselwörter
Schmerztherapie - Frühgeborene - Neugeborene - Zuckerlösungen
Key words
Analgesia - preterm neonates - term neonates - sucrose - sugar solutions
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1 Eingang: 21.11.2000
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Prof. Dr. Karl Bauer
Abteilung für Kinderheilkunde mit Schwerpunkt
Neonatologie
Freie Universität
Berlin
Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin
Hindenburgdamm 30
12200 Berlin
Phone: (0 30) 84 45-41 12
Fax: (0 30) 84 45-41 13
Email: bauer@medizin.fu-berlin.de