Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung Um die Tauglichkeit oraler
Zuckerlösungen in der Schmerztherapie bei Neugeborenen zu prüfen,
untersuchten wir in diesem Übersichtsartikel folgende Fragen: Brauchen
Neugeborene bei Blutentnahmen eine Schmerztherapie? Warum verändern orale
Zuckerlösungen die Schmerzreaktionen von Neugeborenen? Wie wirksam sind
orale Zuckerlösungen in der klinischen Anwendung?
Methodik Ausgewertet wurden relevante Artikel
aus der Literaturdatenbank PubMed zwischen Januar 1990 und September 2000.
Ergebnisse Eine Schmerztherapie für
Blutentnahmen bei Neugeborenen ist wünschenswert, weil diese
schmerzempfindlicher als Erwachsene sind, weil sie bei Blutentnahmen deutliche
Schmerzreaktionen zeigen und weil wiederholte akute Schmerzen in der
Neonatalperiode zu langfristigen Veränderungen des Schmerzverhaltens
führen können. Orale Zuckerlösungen wurden als Schmerztherapie
bei Blutentnahmen untersucht. Sie wirken in den ersten 2 Minuten nach Gabe
über die orotaktile Stimulation durch die Flüssigkeit im Mund. Danach
bleibt die Wirkung noch bis zu 10 Minuten bestehen, weil die orogustatorische
Stimulation durch die intensive Süße der Lösung zu einer
Endorphinfreisetzung führt. In randomisierten-kontrollierten Studien
schwächten orale Zuckerlösungen (je 2 ml einer
25 %-Saccharose- oder 30 %-Glukoselösung) die
bei kapillären und venösen Blutentnahmen auftretenden
schmerzassoziierten Verhaltensreaktionen von Früh- und Neugeborenen ab und
verringerten Schreidauer und Herzfrequenzanstieg. Sie sind stärker und
länger wirksam als traditionelle beruhigende Maßnahmen, wie
Anwesenheit der Eltern, Schnuller oder die Gabe von Muttermilch. Für
stärkere Schmerzen, z. B. bei Zirkumzision, sind
Zuckerlösungen allerdings keine ausreichende Schmerztherapie.
Schlussfolgerungen Die Wirksamkeit oraler
Zuckerlösungen bei einer einmaligen Blutentnahme beim Neugeborenen,
z. B. für das Stoffwechselscreening, ist gut dokumentiert. Weitere
Untersuchungen zur Festlegung der minimal wirksamen Einzeldosis und zu
Wirksamkeit und Nebenwirkungen bei wiederholtem Einsatz von Zuckerlösungen
beim selben Patienten sind notwendig.
Objectives We review the efficacy of oral
sugar solutions for treating procedural pain in neonates and address the
following questions: Do newborns need analgesic therapy for procedural pain
during blood sampling? How do sugars influence pain-reactions of neonates? What
is the efficacy of sugar solutions in clinical practice?
Methods We searched for relevant articles in
the PubMed database from 1990 to September 2000.
Results Treatment of procedural pain in
newborns is desirable because they are more sensitive to pain than adults, they
show marked pain reactions during blood sampling and repeated acute pain in the
newborn period results in longterm behavioural changes. Oral sugar solutions
have been studied for treatment of procedural pain in neonates. Their initial
effect is the result of orotactile stimulation by the intraoral fluid. The
orogustatory stimulation by the sweet taste prolongs the effect for up to 10
minutes through endorphin release. In randomized-controlled trials oral sugar
solutions (2 ml of 25 % sucrose or 30 %
glucose) reduced pain reactions and crying and attenuated the heart rate
increase after capillary and venous blood sampling in term and preterm
neonates. They are more effective than traditional calming strategies, like
cuddling by parents, use of a pacifier, or breast feeding. Yet, sugar solutions
provide no adequate analgesia for more severe pain, e.g. during
circumcision.
Conclusions Sugar solutions effectively
relieve procedural pain during blood sampling in neonates. Additional studies
are needed to determine the minimal effective dose and the efficacy and side
effects of repeated sugar doses in the same patient.
Schlüsselwörter
Schmerztherapie - Frühgeborene - Neugeborene - Zuckerlösungen
Key words
Analgesia - preterm neonates - term neonates - sucrose - sugar solutions
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Prof. Dr. Karl Bauer
Abteilung für Kinderheilkunde mit Schwerpunkt
Neonatologie
Freie Universität
Berlin
Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin
Hindenburgdamm 30
12200 Berlin
Telefon: (0 30) 84 45-41 12
Fax: (0 30) 84 45-41 13
eMail: bauer@medizin.fu-berlin.de