Zusammenfassung
Kinder von opiatabhängigen Müttern stellen eine besondere
Hochrisikogruppe dar. Kinder, die nach der Entbindung zu einem großen
Prozentsatz einen Opiatentzug durchmachen, treffen auf eine durch eigene
traumatisierende Erfahrungen, Abhängigkeitserkrankung und schwere
psychische Probleme in ihrer Erziehungskompetenz erheblich eingeschränkte
Mutter, die meist unter extrem ungünstigen psychosozialen Bedingungen
lebt.
Die in der vorliegenden Literaturübersicht zusammengefassten
Längsschnittuntersuchungen beschreiben übereinstimmend in den ersten
Lebensjahren der Kinder opiatabhängiger Mütter
Wachstumsretardierungen sowie Wahrneh- mungs- und Interaktionsstörungen.
Die intellektuelle Entwicklung scheint nicht beeinträchtigt, in manchen
Untersuchungen finden sich jedoch Hinweise auf
Sprachentwicklungsverzögerungen. Im Schulalter zeigen sich in allen
Studien erhöhte Aggressivität und Impulsivität, Störungen
im Sozialverhalten, Schulprobleme, Delinquenz und früher Alkohol- und
Drogenkonsum.
Eine umfassende interdisziplinäre Betreuung der Frauen ab der
Schwangerschaft einschließlich Substitution, Beratung, Anleitung und
aufsuchenden Hilfen ist unbedingt erforderlich und kann die Gesamtprognose
entscheidend verbessern.
Children of Opiate-Addicted Mothers - a Review
Children of opiate-addicts constitute a special high-risk group.
Most of these children (between 40 and 95 pct.) develop within the first weeks
pp. a so-called „neonatal abstinence syndrome” (NAS) which shows
a well documented dosage- effect-relationship. First descriptions of NAS in
children of morphine-addicted mothers were reported from Berlin in 1930. In
reviewing the past three decades of literature on the development of children
of opiate-addicted mothers the hypothesis can be formulated, that a mixture of
neonatal abstinence effects (with irritability, heightened arousal, and
distractibility) with their postnatal environmental-interactive sequelae and a
lack of familial coping resources may lead to the development of
hypercinetic-attention deficit-syndromes and conduct disorders at school age
resulting in serious school problems.
Studies on children of drug-addicts at school age agree in the
following trends: In standardised intelligence tests children of drug-addicts
show no significant difference to controls in total-IQ but lower verbal
IQ’s and to a far greater extent conduct disorders and school-problems.
They show more impulsivity, aggression and attention-problems as well as a
variety of other externalising behaviour problems as indicated by CBCL scores
within the clinical range.
Methadone treatment may be an important factor in stabilising the
psycho-social situation of pregnant addicts. Results from our study at
Frankfurt University Hospital show clearly, that methadone-maintained mothers
lived in more stable socio-economic conditions than heroin-addicted women, and
they cared significantly better for their babies. Reports from different
experimental interventions or home-based intervention programs with families of
substance abusers indicate positive changes in parenting skills, parental drug
use, and family management.
Schlüsselwörter
Kinder - Opiatababhängige
Mütter
Key words
Children - Opiat-addicted
Mothers
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Dr. med. Ekkehart D. Englert
Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und
Psychotherapie
HELIOS Klinikum Erfurt Klinikum Erfurt
Nordhäuser Straße 74
99089 Erfurt
eMail: EEnglert@erfurt.helios-kliniken.de