Zusammenfassung
Olanzapin ist ein gut wirksames und verträgliches atypisches Antipsychotikum. Es wird
in der Leber zu großen Teilen N-glukuronidiert. Oxidationsreaktionen werden über das
Cytochrom P450 Isoenzym CYP1A2 und in geringem Ausmaß über CYP2D6 katalysiert. Die
Olanzapinserumspiegel streuen interindividuell sehr stark, sind aber über den Bereich
der therapeutisch üblichen Tagesdosen linear. Sie werden durch Induktion von CYP1A2
bei Rauchern oder durch Carbamazepinkomedikation gesenkt. Sie steigen an nach Hemmung
von CYP1A2 durch Fluvoxamin, jedoch nicht durch andere selektive Serotoninwiederaufnahmehemmer.
Eine Hemmung von CYP2D6 durch andere Substanzen wird in Kombination mit weiteren Faktoren,
wie weiblichem Geschlecht oder hohem Alter, klinisch relevant. Obwohl eine Dosisanpassung
bei leichter bis mäßiger Leber- oder Niereninsuffizienz nicht erforderlich ist, empfiehlt
sich bei solchen Patienten die therapeutische Serumspiegelüberwachung, um die Sicherheit
einer Olanzapintherapie zu unterstützen. Für das TDM oder toxikologische Untersuchungen
von Olanzapin sind verschiedene hochdruckflüssigchromatographische Methoden mit Ultraviolett-
oder massenspektrometrischer Detektion etabliert worden. Als optimale Wirkkonzentration
im Serum oder Plasma werden 20 - 40 ng/ml angesehen. Als Schwelle für eine erhöhte
Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auftretens unerwünschter Ereignisse wird eine Konzentration
von 80 ng/ml betrachtet. In neuerer Zeit wurde über das Auftreten von Neutropenien
und Agranulozytosen unter Olanzapin-Therapie berichtet. Es zeigten sich unter Olanzapin
des Weiteren ein mäßiger Anstieg der Prolaktinspiegel und eine deutliche Zunahme des
Gewichts. Insgesamt scheint es sinnvoll, die Therapie von Patienten, die mit Olanzapin
behandelt werden, mit TDM zu unterstützen, da die Effizienz der Wirkung gesteigert
und die Sicherheit erhöht werden kann.
Abstract
Olanzapine is an effective and safe antipsychotic drug. Its pharmacokinetic properties
are comparable to those of classical antipsychotics. Oxidative processes are mediated
by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP1A2 and to a minor degree by CYP2D6. Olanzapine's
main route of metabolism is by glucuronidation. Therapeutic doses result in a wide
variability of serum levels; dose and serum concentration are linearly correlated.
Smoking and carbamazepine induce cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and thus decrease olanzapine
serum levels. Inhibition of CYP1A2 by fluvoxamine yields increased concentrations;
however, clinically relevant CYP2D6 inhibition was observed only in combination with
additional disposition factors, such as female gender or old age. As a rule dose adjustment
is not necessary but moderate renal or hepatic impairment calls for control of serum
levels to provide maximal safety during olanzapine therapy. Therapeutic drug monitoring
(TDM) and toxicology studies are carried out by HPLC methods using UV or MS detection.
The optimal therapeutic range of olanzapine serum levels is 20 to 40 ng/ml. Concentrations
of 80 ng/ml are considered threshold for the occurrence of adverse events; however,
toxicological studies showed that postmortem plasma levels are higher than antemortem
levels. Lethality of high olanzapine was only observed in combination with other drugs.
Moderate increases of prolactin levels were detected during administration of olanzapine.
In relation to olanzapine therapy, several case reports of neutropenia and agranulocytosis
appeared in the literature. Weight gain in olanzapine-treated patients does not correlate
with serum levels. Olanzapine response is augmented when patients' serum levels are
titrated to 20 to 40 ng/ml thereby minimizing the occurrence of side effects, thus
TDM is recommended for patients treated with olanzapine.
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Prof. Dr. M. L. Rao
Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25
53105 Bonn
Email: m.l.rao@uni-bonn.de