Zusammenfassung
Wir sowie etwa 20 weitere Veröffentlichungen berichten von Fällen der Toleranzentwicklung und Abhängigkeit von Zolpidem. Epidemiologische und polysomnographische Studien weisen auf ein für Zolpidem vorhandenes, im Vergleich zu Benzodiazepinen jedoch niedrigeres Abhängigkeitsrisiko hin. Neuere molekularbiologische Erkenntnisse könnten dafür begründend sein. Denn Zolpidem hat im Vergleich zu Benzodiazepinen in empfohlener Dosis eine fast ausschließliche Affinität für die mit Schlafförderung assoziierte α1 -Untereinheit des GABAA -Rezeptors und in höheren Dosen eine zusätzliche niedrigere Affinität für die mit Anxiolyse assoziierten α-Untereinheiten 2, 3 und 5. Da in experimentellen Studien auch Alter, Geschlecht und Alkoholkonsum einen Einfluss haben auf die Expression der Rezeptoruntereinheiten in einzelnen Hirnregionen, erscheinen neben der Dosierung und Dauer der Anwendung auch diese Faktoren relevant zur Einschätzung des Abhängigkeitsrisikos einzelner Patienten.
Abstract
Our group as well as about 20 other publications report cases of dependence from zolpidem. Furthermore, there is epidemiological and polysomnographic evidence that there is a risk for tolerance and dependence for zolpidem although lower than in the case of benzodiazepines. Recent molecularbiological findings offer interesting data in this respect. Whereas in the recommended dose range zolpidem almost exclusively binds to the α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor associated with sleep promotion, in higher doses it also binds the α2 , α3 and α5 subunits typically targeted by benzodiazepines and associated with anxiolytic effects. Moreover, because age, gender and alcohol were shown to significantly affect expression of these subunits in individual brain regions, dosage and duration of treatment with zolpidem as well as age, gender and additional consumption of alcohol, a history of abuse and dependence might play a role in the development of tolerance and dependence in individual patients.
Literatur
1
Lader M H.
Limitations on the use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia: are they justified?.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.
1999;
9 Suppl 6
S399-S405
2
Walsh J K, Schweitzer P K.
Ten-year trends in the pharmacological treatment of insomnia.
Sleep.
1999;
22 (3)
371-375
3 Lohse M, Müller-Oerlinghausen J. Hypnotika und Sedativa. In: Schwabe U, Pfaffenrath D (Hrsg.). Arzneiverordnungsreport Berlin: Springer 2000: 387-399
4
Cavarello R, Reganetti M G, Smeraldi E.
Tolerance and withdrawal with zolpidem.
Lancet.
1993;
342
374-375
5
Bruun T G.
Misbrugspotentiale under brug og abstinenspsykose efter behandling med sovemidlet zolpidem (Stilnoct).
Ugeskr Laeger.
1993;
155
2711-2712
6
Gericke C A, Ludolph A C.
Chronic abuse of zolpidem.
JAMA.
1994;
22
372
7
Thome J, Ruchsow M, Rössler M.
Zolpidem-Abhängigkeit und Depression im Senium.
Psychiatr Prax.
1995;
22
165-166
8
Sanchez L G, Sanchez J M, Lopez-Moreno J.
Dependence and tolerance with zolpidem (letter).
Am J Health Syst Pharm.
1996;
53
26-38
9
Chamorro-Garcia L, Martin M, De-Dios-Molina J.
Zolpidem dependence.
Med Clin.
1996;
106
478-479
10
Bottlender R, Schütz C, Möller H J, Soyka M.
Zolpidem dependence in a patient with former polysubstance abuse.
Pharmacopsychiat.
1997;
30
108
11
Hofmann M, Eichhorn M.
Ungestilltes Verlangen: Abhängigkeitssyndrom von Zolpidem.
Psychiat Prax.
1998;
25
313
12
Vinkovic-Glodjajic S, Bünter M.
Abhängigkeit auf Zolpidem - Ein ungewöhnlicher Fall?.
Psychiat Prax.
1998;
25
50
13
Ravishankar A, Carnwath T.
Zolpidem tolerance and dependence - two case reports.
J Psychopharmacology.
1998;
12
103-104
14
Sakkas P, Psarros C, Masdrakis V, Liappas J, Christodoulou G N.
Dependence on zolpidem: case report.
Eur Psychiatry.
1999;
14
358-359
15
Ströhle A, Antononijevic I A, Steiger A, Sonntag A.
Abhängigkeit von „Non-Benzodiazepinhypnotika”.
Nervenarzt.
1999;
70
72-75
16
Harter C, Piffl-Boniolo E, Rave-Schwank M.
Entwicklung eines Entzugsdelirs nach Abhängigkeit von Zolpidem und Zopiclon.
Psych Praxis.
1999;
26
309
17
Courtet P, Pignay V, Castelnau D, Boulenger J P.
Abuse of and dependence on zolpidem: a report of seven cases.
Encephale.
1999;
25 (6)
652-657
18
Telser A, Telser S, Marksteiner J, Haller R, Hinterhuber H.
Evidence for long course and high dosage zolpidem dependence.
J Sleep Res.
2000;
9 (S1)
188
19
Vartzopoulos D, Bozikas V, Phocas C, Karavatos A, Kaprinis G.
Dependence on zolpidem in high dose.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol.
2000;
15 (3)
181-182
20
Aragona M.
Abuse, dependence, and epileptic seizures after zolpidem withdrawal: review and case report.
Clin Neuropharmacol.
2000;
23 (5)
281-283
21
Rush C.
Behavioral pharmacology of zolpidem relative to benzodiazepines: a review.
Pharmacol biochem behav.
1998;
61 (3)
253-269
22
Allain H, Monti J.
General safety profile of zolpidem: safety in elderly, overdose and rebound effects.
Eur Psychiatry.
1997;
12 (Suppl 1)
21s-29s
23
Holm K, Goa K.
Zolpidem: an update of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of insomnia.
Drugs.
2000;
59 (4)
865-889
24
Soyka M, Bottlender R, Möller H J.
Epidemiological evidence for a low abuse potential of zolpidem.
Pharmacopsychiat.
2000;
33
138-141
25 Westphal K. (Redaktion) .MMW - Newsletter. 1997: 32
26
Keup W.
Zolpidem und Zopiclon - Geringes Missbrauchspotenzial im Vergleich zu Benzodiazepin-Hypnotika.
Arzneimitteltherapie.
1998;
16 (8)
246-254
27 Sauvanet J P, Maarek L, Roger M. Open long-term Trials with zolpidem in Insomnia. In: Sauvanet JP, Lager SZ, Morselli PL (Hrsg.). Imidazopyridines in Sleep Disorders: a novel experimental and therapeutic approach. New York: Raven Press 1988: 339-349
28
Schlich D, Heritier C, Coquelin J, Attali P.
Long-term treatment of insomnia with zolpidem: a multicentre general practitioner study of 107 patients.
J Int Med Res.
1991;
19
271-279
29
Maarek L, Cramer P, Attali P, Coquelin J P, Morselli P.
The safety and efficacy of zolpidem in insomniac patients: a long-term open study in general practice.
J Int Med Res.
1992;
20
162-170
30
Kummer J, Guendel L, LInden J, Eich F X, Attali P, Coquelin J P, Kyrein H J.
Long-term polysomnographic study of the efficacy and safety of zolpidem in elderly psychiatric in-patients with insomnia.
J Int Med Res.
1993;
21
171-184
31
Scharf M B, Mendels J, Thorpy M.
Safety of long-term zolpidem treatment in patients with insomnia.
Curr Ther Res.
1994;
55
1100-1111
32
Pagot R, Cramer P, Herritier C, Coquelin J-P, Attali P.
Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of zolpidem 20 mg and triazolam 0,5 mg in anxious or depressed insomniac patients.
Curr Ther Res.
1993;
53
88-97
33
Lemoine P, Allain H, Janus C, Sutet P.
Gradual withdrawal of zopiclone (7,5 mg) and zolpidem (10 mg) in insomniacs treated for at least 3 months.
Eur Psychiatry.
1995;
10 (Suppl. 3)
161s-165s
34
Elie R, Rüther E, Farr I, Emilien G, Salinas E.
Sleep latency is shortened during 4 weeks of treatment with zaleplon, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic.
J Clin Psychiatry.
1999;
60
536-544
35
Fry J, Scharf M, Mangano R, Fujimori M.
Zaleplon improves sleep without producing rebound effects in outpatients with insomnia. Zaleplon clinical study group.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol.
2000;
15
141-152
36
Lahmeyer H, Wilcox C S, Kann J.
Subjective efficacy of zolpidem in outpatients with chronic insomnia: a double-blind comparison with placebo.
Clin Drug Invest.
1997;
13
134-144
37
Asnis G, Chakraburtty A, DuBoff E, Krystal A, Londborg P, Rosenberg R, Roth-Schechter B, Scharf M, Walsch J.
Zolpidem for persistent insomnia in SSRI-treated depressed patients.
J Clin Psychiatry.
1999;
60
668-676
38
Scharf M, Roth T, Vogel G, Walsh J.
A multicenter, placebo-controlled study evaluating zolpidem in the treatment of chronic insomnia.
J Clin Psychiatry.
1994;
55
192-199
39
Monti J, Monti D, Estevez F, Giusti M.
Sleep in patients with chronic primary insomnia during long-term zolpidem administration and after its withdrawal.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol.
1996;
11
255-263
40
Monti J, Attali P, Monti D, Zipfel A, de la Giclais B, Morselli P.
Zolpidem and rebound insomnia - a double-blind, controlled polysomnographic study in chronic insomniac patients.
Pharmacopsychiat.
1994;
27
166-175
41
Ware J C, Walsh J K, Scharf M, Roehrs T, Roth T, Vogel G.
Minimal rebound insomnia after treatment with 10 mg zolpidem.
Clin Neuropharmacol.
1997;
20
116-125
42
Soldatos C R, Dikeos D G, Whitehead A.
Tolerance and rebound insomnia with rapidly eliminated hypnotics: a meta-analysis of sleep laboratory studies.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol.
1999;
14
287-303
43
Doble A.
New insights into the mechanism of action of hypnotics.
J Psychopharmacol.
1999;
13 (4)
S11-S20
44
Crestani F, Martin J R, Möhler H, Rudolph U.
Mechanism of action of the hypnotic zolpidem in vivo.
Br J Pharmacol.
2000;
131
1251-1254
45
Rudolph U, Crestani F, Benke D, Brüning I, Benson J A, Fritschy J M, Martin J R, Bluethmann H, Möhler H.
Benzodiazepine actions mediated by specific γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor subtypes.
Nature.
1999;
401
796-800
46
Rudolph U, Crestani F, Möhler H.
GABAA receptor subtypes: dissecting their pharmacological functions.
Trends Pharmacol Sci.
2001;
22 (4)
188-194
47
Holt R A, Bateson A, Martin I.
Chronic zolpidem treatment alters GABAA receptor mRNA levels in the rat cortex.
Eur J Pharmacol.
1997;
329
129-132
48
Bacon E, de Barry J, Gombos G.
Differential ontogenesis of type I and II benzodiazepine receptors in mouse cerebellum.
Brain Res Dev Brain Res.
1999;
58 (2)
283-287
49
Roberts A A, Kellogg C K.
Synchronous postnatal increase in alpha1 and gamma2L GABAA receptor mRNAs and high affinity zolpidem binding across three regions of rat brain.
Brain Res Dev Brain Res.
2000;
119 (1)
21-32
50
Gutierrez A, Khan Z U, Miralles C P, Mehta A K, Ruano D, Araujo F, Vitorica J, Blas A.
GABAA receptor subunit expression changes in the rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex during aging.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res.
1997;
45
59-70
51
Nett S T, Jorge-Rivera J, Myers M, Clark A, Henderson L.
Properties and sex-specific differences of GABAA receptors in neurons expressing gamma1 subunit mRNA in the preoptic area of the rat.
J Neurophysiol.
1999;
81
192-203
52
Negro M, Fernandez-Lopez A, Calvo P.
Autoradiographical study of types 1 and 2 of benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain after chronic ethanol treatment and its withdrawal.
Neuropharmacology.
1995;
34 (9)
1177-1182
53
Moy S S, Duncan G, Knapp D, Breese G.
Sensitivity to ethanol across development in rats: comparison to (3H)zolpidem binding.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res.
1998;
22 (7)
1485-1492
54
Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft .
Keine Verordnung von Zolpidem bei bekannter Benzodiazepinabhängigkeit.
Dt Ärzteblatt.
1999;
96 (10)
B500
55
Walsh J K, Roth T, Randazzo A, Erman M, Jamieson A, Scharf M, Schweitzer P, Ware J C.
Eight weeks of non-nightly use of zolpidem for primary insomnia.
Sleep.
2000;
23
1087-1096
Dr. R. Göder
Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie
Niemannsweg 147
24105 Kiel
Email: rgoeder@psychiatry.uni-kiel.de