Zusammenfassung
Der Mangel an Organen zur Transplantation stellt eines der Hauptprobleme für die Behandlung vieler terminal erkrankter Patienten dar. Über 13 000 Patienten befinden sich aufgrund des Mangels an Organen in Deutschland derzeit auf den Wartelisten für eine Transplantation. Im Kontrast dazu zeigen Umfragen in der Bevölkerung immer wieder eine starke Zustimmung zur Transplantationsmedizin und eine hohe Bereitschaft zur Organspende. Verschiedene Erklärungsansätze für dieses scheinbare Paradoxon werden diskutiert und ein integriertes Modell der Einstellung zur Organspende entwickelt. Im Licht der offensichtlich hohen Zustimmung zur Organspende und der trotzdem geringen Spenderate wird die Bedeutung massenmedialer Kampagnen neu eingeordnet. Wie empirische Studien zeigen, lässt sich mit dieser Strategie eine weitere Steigerung der positiven Einstellung innerhalb der Bevölkerung nicht erreichen. Wichtig scheint allerdings eine Steigerung der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema mittels massen- und personalkommunikativer Ansätze, da der Grad der „Involviertheit” mit der Umsetzung einer positiven Einstellung in Verhalten (z. B. Unterzeichnung eines Spenderausweises) zusammenzuhängen scheint. Da die Organspenderate von einer Vielzahl von Faktoren beeinflusst wird, kann nur ein daran orientiertes „Strategienorchester” von aufeinander abgestimmten Maßnahmen zu einer Erhöhung der Organspenderate beitragen.
Abstract
While organ shortage remains one of the major problems in the treatment of many terminally ill patients with more than 13 000 patients currently on the waiting list in Germany, surveys are showing positive attitude towards organ donation in the general population. In this paper, several possible explanations for this apparent contradiction are discussed. Considering the fact that organ donation is supported by a vast majority in the general population while the donation rate remains considerably low, the significance of mass media campaigns to support donation is re-evaluated. Empirical studies have shown that the support for organ donation can hardly be further increased by campaigns. However, it has been shown that involvement with the topic may be increased significantly. This may play an important role because high involvement seems to be associated with actual behavior (e.g. signing a donor card). Since the donation rate is influenced by a whole array of factors, we argue that it may only be increased by using an „orchestra” of coordinated strategies. Such an orchestra is outlined and the role of mass media campaigns discussed within such a concept.
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PD Dr. Dr. Dipl.-Psych. K.-H. Schulz
Medizinische Klinik · Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie · Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf · Pavillon 52
Martinistraße 52
20246 Hamburg
Email: khschulz@uke.uni-hamburg.de