Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2002; 06(1): 035-046
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-23162
Copyright © 2002 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel.: +1(212) 584-4662

MR Imaging of the Postoperative Meniscus of the Knee

Kirkland W. Davis, Michael J. Tuite
  • Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
26 March 2002 (online)

ABSTRACT

Surgery for tears of the menisci of the knee has evolved greatly over the last century and is now an extremely common procedure. Meniscal repair and conservative therapy are the preferred methods of treatment, but most symptomatic torn menisci do not meet the requirements for these options and necessitate partial meniscectomy. After surgery, patients often have recurrent pain and need additional diagnosis. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the postoperative patient is very helpful at diagnosing extrameniscal pathology. It has lower sensitivity for detecting retears after partial meniscectomy, however, as it relies primarily on demonstration of fluid entering the meniscal retear on T2-weighted images. Similarly, conventional MRI is less accurate after meniscal repair, in which the repair site usually maintains altered signal for years. MR arthrography has higher sensitivity for detecting retears in menisci and is the procedure of choice in many situations.

REFERENCES

  • 1 Muellner T, Egkher A, Nikolic A, Funovics M, Metz V. Open meniscal repair: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings after twelve years.  Am J Sports Med . 1999;  27 16-20
  • 2 DeHaven K E. Meniscus repair in the athlete.  Clin Orthop . 1985;  198 31-35
  • 3 Morgan C D, Wojtys E M, Casscells C D, Casscells S W. Arthroscopic meniscal repair evaluated by second-look arthroscopy.  Am J Sports Med . 1991;  19 632-638
  • 4 Cox J S, Nye C E, Schaefer W W, Woodstein I J. The degenerative effects of partial and total resection of the medial meniscus in dogs' knees.  Clin Orthop . 1975;  109 178-183
  • 5 Deutsch A L, Mink J H, Fox J M, Friedman M J, Howell S M. The postoperative knee.  Magn Reson Q . 1992;  8 23-54
  • 6 Newman A P, Daniels A U, Burks R T. Principles and decision making in meniscal surgery.  Arthroscopy . 1993;  9 33-51
  • 7 Koski J A, Ibarra C, Rodeo S A, Warren R F. Tissue engineering in orthopedic surgery.  Orthop Clin North Am . 2000;  31 1-17
  • 8 Kruger-Franke M, Siebert C H, Kugler A, Trouillier H H, Rosemeyer B. Late results after arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy.  Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc . 1999;  7 81-84
  • 9 Austin K S. Complications of arthroscopic meniscal repair.  Clin Sports Med . 1996;  15 613-619
  • 10 Sciulli R L, Boutin R D, Brown R R. Evaluation of the postoperative meniscus of the knee: a study comparing conventional arthrography, conventional MR imaging, MR arthrography with iodinated contrast material, and MR arthrography with gadolinium-based contrast material.  Skel Radiol . 1999;  28 508-514
  • 11 Bronstein R, Kirk P, Hurley J. The usefulness of MRI in evaluating menisci after meniscus repair.  Orthopedics . 1992;  15 149-152
  • 12 Grood E S. Meniscal function.  Adv Orthop Surg . 1984;  12 193-197
  • 13 Rodkey W G. Basic biology of the meniscus and response to injury.  Knee Sports Med Adult Recon . 2000;  49 189-193
  • 14 Krause W R, Pope M H, Johnson R J, Wilder D G. Mechanical changes in the knee after meniscectomy.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1976;  58-A 599-604
  • 15 Arnoczky S P, Warren R F. Microvasculature of the human meniscus.  Am J Sports Med . 1982;  10 90-95
  • 16 DeHaven K E. Decision-making factors in the treatment of meniscus lesions.  Clin Orthop . 1990;  252 49-54
  • 17 Kean D M, Worthington B S, Preston B J. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: examples of normal anatomy and pathology.  Br J Radiol . 1983;  56 355-364
  • 18 Reicher M A, Bassett L W, Gold R H. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the knee joint: pathologic correlations.  Am J Roentgenol . 1985;  145 903-909
  • 19 Reicher M A, Hartzman S, Duckwiler G R, Bassett L W, Anderson L J, Gold R H. Meniscal injuries: detection using MR imaging.  Radiology . 1986;  159 753-757
  • 20 Cheung L P, Li K CP, Hollett M D, Bergman A G, Herfkens R J. Meniscal tears of the knee: accuracy of detection with fast spin-echo MR imaging and arthroscopic correlation in 293 patients.  Radiology . 1997;  203 508-512
  • 21 Muellner T, Weinstabl R, Schabus R, Vecsei V, Kaainberger F. The diagnosis of meniscal tears in athletes: a comparison of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging investigations.  Am J Sports Med . 1997;  25 7-12
  • 22 LaPrade R F, Burnett II M Q, Veenstra M A, Hodgman C G. The prevalence of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings in asymptomatic knees: with correlation of magnetic resonance imaging to arthroscopic findings in symptomatic knees.  Am J Sports Med . 1994;  22 739-745
  • 23 Vande Berg C B, Poilvache P, Duchateau F. Lesions of the menisci of the knee: value of MR imaging criteria for recognition of unstable lesions.  Am J Roentgenol . 2001;  176 771-776
  • 24 Mink J H, Levy T, Crues III V J. Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament and menisci of the knee: MR imaging evaluation.  Radiology . 1988;  167 769-774
  • 25 Crues III V J, Mink J, Levy T L, Lotysch M, Stoller D W. Meniscal tears of the knee: accuracy of MR imaging.  Radiology . 1987;  164 445-448
  • 26 Gillies H, Seligson D. Precision in the diagnosis of meniscal lesions: a comparison of clinical evaluation, arthrography, and arthroscopy.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1979;  64-A 343-346
  • 27 Quinn S F, Brown T F. Meniscal tears diagnosed with MR imaging versus arthroscopy: how reliable a standard is arthroscopy?.  Radiology . 1991;  181 843-847
  • 28 De Smet A A, Norris M A, Yandow D R, Quintana F A, Graf B K, Keene J S. MR diagnosis of meniscal tears of the knee: importance of high signal in the meniscus that extends to the surface.  Am J Roentgenol . 1993;  161 101-107
  • 29 Kaplan P A, Nelson N L, Garvin K L, Bropwn D E. MR of the knee: the significance of high signal in the meniscus that does not clearly extend to the surface.  Am J Roentgenol . 1991;  156 333-336
  • 30 Appel H. Late results after meniscectomy in the knee joint: a clinical and roentgenologic follow-up investigation. Munksgaard: Copenhagen.  Acta Orthop Scand . 1970;  Suppl 133 6-111
  • 31 McGinty J B, Geuss L F, Marvin R A. Partial or total meniscectomy.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1977;  59A 763-766
  • 32 Huckell J R. Is meniscectomy a benign procedure?.  <~>A long-term follow-up study. Can J Surg . 1965;  8 254-260
  • 33 Lotke P A, Lefkoe R T, Ecker M L. Late results following medial meniscectomy in an older population.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1981;  63-A 115-119
  • 34 Fairbank T J. Knee joint changes after meniscectomy.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1948;  30-B 664-670
  • 35 Fox J M, Blazina M E, Carlson G J. Multiphasic view of medial meniscectomy.  Am J Sports Med . 1979;  7 161-164
  • 36 Jackson J P. Degenerative changes in the knee after meniscectomy.  Br Med J . 1968;  2 525-527
  • 37 Johnson R J, Kettelkamp D B, Clark W, Leaverton P. Factors affecting late results after meniscectomy.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1974;  56-A 719-729
  • 38 Roos E M, Roos A O, Ekdahl C, Lohmander L S. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. Long-term outcome of meniscectomy: symptoms, function, and performance tests in patients with or without radiographic osteoarthritis compared to matched controls.  J OsteoArthritis Res Soc Int . 2001;  9 316-324
  • 39 Roos H, Lauren M, Adalberth T, Roos E M, Jonsson K, Lohmander L S. Knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy.  Arthritis Rheum . 1998;  41 687-693
  • 40 Tapper E M, Hoover N W. Late results after meniscectomy.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1969;  51-A 517-526
  • 41 Henning C E, Lynch M A. Current concepts of meniscal function and pathology.  Clin Sports Med . 1985;  4 259-265
  • 42 Higuchi H, Kimura M, Shirakura K, Terauchi M, Takagishi K. Factors affecting long-term results after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy.  Clin Orthop . 2000;  377 161-168
  • 43 Northmore-Ball M A, Chir B, Dandy D J. Long-term results of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy.  Clin Orthop . 1982;  167 34-42
  • 44 Burks R T, Metcalf M H, Metcalf R W. Fifteen-year follow-up of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy.  Arthroscopy . 1997;  13 673-679
  • 45 Ranger C, Klestil T, Gloetzer W, Kemmler G, Benedetto K P. Osteoarthritis after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy.  Am J Sports Med . 1995;  23 240-244
  • 46 Jaureguito J W, Elliot J S, Lietner T, Dixon L B, Reider B. The effects of arthroscopic partial lateral meniscectomy in an otherwise normal knee: a retrospective review of functional, clinical, and radiographic results.  Arthroscopy . 1995;  11 29-36
  • 47 Ferkel R D, Davis J R, Friedman M J. Arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy: an analysis of unsatisfactory results.  Arthroscopy . 1985;  1 44-52
  • 48 Hoser C, Fink C, Brown C, Reichkendler M, Hackl W, Bartlett J. Long-term results of arthroscopic partial lateral meniscectomy in knees without associated damage.  J Bone Joint Surg . 2001;  83-B 513-516
  • 49 Hede A, Larsen E, Sandberg H. Partial versus total meniscectomy.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1992;  74-B 118-121
  • 50 Schimmer R C, Brulhart K B, Duff C, Glinz W. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy: a 12-year follow-up and two-step evaluation of the long-term course.  Arthroscopy . 1998;  14 136-142
  • 51 Rockborn P, Gillquist J. Outcome of arthroscopic meniscectomy: a 13-year physical and radiographic follow-up of 43 patients under 23 years of age.  Acta Orthop Scand . 1995;  66 113-117
  • 52 Rockborn P, Gillquist J. Long-term results after arthroscopic meniscectomy: the role of pre-existing cartilage fibrillation in a 13-year follow-up of 60 patients.  Int J Sports Med . 1996;  17 608-613
  • 53 Lim P S, Schweitzer M E, Bhatia M. Repeat tear of postoperative meniscus: potential MR imaging signs.  Radiology . 1999;  210 183-188
  • 54 Trattnig S, Rand T, Czerny C. Magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative knee.  Top Magn Reson Imag . 1999;  10 221-236
  • 55 Applegate G R, Flannigan B D, Tolin B S, Fox J M, Del Pizzo W. MR diagnosis of recurrent tears in the knee: value of intra-articular contrast material.  Am J Roentgenol . 1993;  161 821-825
  • 56 White L M, Weishaupt D, Schweitzer M E, Kramer J, Marks P H. Prospective evaluation of conventional MR imaging, and indirect and direct MR arthrography in the diagnosis of recurrent meniscal tears.  Radiology . 2000;  217 575
  • 57 Totty W G, Matava M J. Imaging the postoperative meniscus.  Magn Reson Imag Clin North Am . 2000;  8 271-283
  • 58 Smith D K, Totty W G. The knee after partial meniscectomy: MR imaging features.  Radiology . 1990;  176 141-144
  • 59 Engel A, Hajek P G, Kramer J. Magnetic resonance knee arthrography enhanced contrast by gadolinium complex in the rabbit and in humans.  Acta Orthop Scand . 1990;  61[Suppl] 1-57
  • 60 Hajek P C, Sartoris D J, Neumann C H, Resnick D. Potential contrast asgents for MR arthrography: in vitro evaluation and practical observations.  Am J Roentgenol . 1987;  149 97-104
  • 61 Hajek P C, Baker L L, Sartoris D J, Neumann C H, Resnick D. MR arthrography: anatomic-pathologic investigation.  Radiology . 1987;  163 141-147
  • 62 Hajek P C, Sartoris D J, Gylys-Morin V. The effect of intra-articular gadolinium-DTPA on synovial membrane and cartilage.  Invest Radiol . 1990;  25 179-183
  • 63 Brown R R, Clarke D W, Daffner R H. Is a mixture of gadolinium and iodinated contrast material safe during MR arthrography?.  Am J Roentgenol . 2000;  175 1087-1090
  • 64 Katz L D, Lynch K, Ruwe P, Kokl P, Kelley J. Musculoskeletal-knee.  Sci Sess . 2001;  221 169
  • 65 Henning C E. Current status of meniscus salvage.  Clin Sports Med . 1990;  9 567-576
  • 66 Graf B, Docter T, Clancy Jr W. Arthroscopic meniscal repair.  Clin Sports Med . 1987;  6 525-536
  • 67 Farley T E, Howell S M, Love K F, Wolfe R D, Neumann C H. Meniscal tears: MR and arthrographic findings after arthroscopic repair.  Radiology . 1991;  180 517-522
  • 68 Asahina S, Muneta T, Yamamoto H. Arthroscopic meniscal repair in conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: factors affecting the healing rate.  Arthroscopy . 1996;  12 541-545
  • 69 Ritchie J R, Miller M D, Bents R T, Smith D K. Meniscal repair in the goat model: the use of healing adjuncts on central tears and the role of magnetic resonance arthrography in repair evaluation.  Am J Sports Med . 1998;  26 278-284
  • 70 Kimura M, Shirakura K, Hasegawa A, Kobuna Y, Niijima M. Second look arthroscopy after meniscal repair.  Clin Orthop . 1995;  314 185-191
  • 71 Stone R G, Frewin P R, Gonzales S. Long-term assessment of arthroscopic meniscus repair: a two- to six-year follow-up study.  J Arthrosc Rel Surg . 1990;  6 73-78
  • 72 Miller Jr B D. Arthroscopic meniscus repair.  Am J Sports Med . 1988;  16 315-320
  • 73 Horibe S, Shino K, Nakata K, Maeda A, Nakamura N, Matsumoto N. Second-look arthroscopy after meniscal repair: review of 132 menisci repaired by an arthroscopic inside-out technique.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1995;  77-B 245-249
  • 74 Sommerlath K, Gillquist J. Knee function after meniscus repair and total meniscectomy-a 7-year follow-up study.  J Arthrosc Rel Surg. 3 166-169
  • 75 Hanks G A, Gause T M, Sebastianelli W J, O'Donnell C S, Kalenak A. Repair of peripheral meniscal tears: open versus arthroscopic technique.  J Arthrosc Rel Surg . 1991;  7 72-77
  • 76 DeHaven K E, Lohrer W A, Lovelock J E. Long-term results of open meniscal repair.  Am J Sports Med . 1995;  23 524-530
  • 77 Mariani P P, Santori N, Adriani E, Mastantuono M. Accelerated rehabilitation after arthroscopic meniscal repair: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation.  J Arthrosc Rel Surg . 1996;  12 680-686
  • 78 Eggli S, Wegmuller H, Kosina J, Huckell C, Jakob R P. Long-term results of arthroscopic meniscal repair: an analysis of isolated tears.  Am J Sports Med . 1995;  23 715-720
  • 79 Deutsch A L, Mink J H, Fox J M. Peripheral meniscal tears: MR findings after conservative treatment or arthroscopic repair.  Radiology . 1990;  176 485-488
  • 80 Arnoczky S P, Cooper T G, Stadelmaier D M, Hannafin J A. Magnetic resonance signals in healing menisci: an experimental study in dogs.  J Arthrosc Rel Surg. 10 552-557
  • 81 Albrecht-Olsen P, Kristensen G, Burgaard P, Joergensen U, Toerholm C. The arrow versus horizontal suture in arthroscopic meniscus repair: a prospective randomized study with arthroscopic evaluation.  Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc . 1999;  7 268-273
  • 82 Patten R M, Rolfe B A. MRI of meniscal allografts.  J Comput Assist Tomogr . 1995;  19 243-246
  • 83 Potter H G, Rodeo S A, Wickiewicz T L, Warren R F. MR imaging of meniscal allografts: correlation with clinical and arthroscopic outcomes.  Radiology . 1996;  198 509-514
  • 84 van Arkel R E, Goei R, de Ploeg I, de Boer H H. Meniscal allografts: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with arthroscopy.  J Arthrosc Rel Surg . 2000;  16 517-521
  • 85 Stollsteimer G T, Shelton W R, Dukes A, Bomboy A L. Meniscal allograft transplantation: a 1- to 5-year follow-up of 22 patients.  J Arthrosc Rel Surg . 2000;  16 343-347
  • 86 Matava M J, Eck K, Totty W, Wright R W, Shively R A. Magnetic resonance imaging as a tool to predict meniscal reparability.  Am J Sports Med . 1999;  27 436-443