Preoperative Staging of Rectal Cancer

David E. Rivadeneira; W. Douglas Wong

doi:10.1055/s-2002-23564

Subscribe to RSS

Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.

https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000049.xml

Share / Bookmark

Facebook Linkedin Weibo

Download PDF

Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2002; 15(1): 017-026
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-23564

Preoperative Staging of Rectal Cancer

David E. Rivadeneira¹ , W. Douglas Wong^1, ²

¹Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell University Medical College
²Division of Colorectal Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY

Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
03 April 2002 (online)

Also available at

Abstract
Full Text
References

Buy Article Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Advancements in surgical techniques and equipment, combined with the increasing use of preoperative radiation, have made sphincter-saving procedures increasingly available to patients with rectal cancer. The accurate preoperative local staging of rectal cancer, including tumor depth penetration and regional lymph node metastases, is essential in determining the most appropriate therapeutic option available and provides valuable information on prognosis in patients with rectal cancer. Although several imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are available for the local staging of rectal tumors, endoscopic rectal ultrasound remains the modality of choice. It provides accurate assessment of tumor penetration into the rectal wall and information on regional lymph node staging in the majority of patients. This article will review the current modalities used for the preoperative staging of patients with rectal cancer, with emphasis on the use of endorectal ultrasound.

KEYWORD

Rectal cancer - endorectal ultrasound - staging - computed tomography - magnetic resonance imaging

REFERENCES

1 Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin . 2002; 52 23-47

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
2 Duke C. The classification of cancer of the rectum. J Path Bacteriol . 1932; 35 323-332

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
3 Kirklin J, Dockerty M, Waugh J. The role of the peritoneal reflection in the prognosis of carcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet . 1949; 88 326-331

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
4 Astler V, Collier F. The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg . 1954; 139 846-851

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
5 American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 5th ed. Chicago: AJCC; 1997

Search in Google Scholar
6 Mason A. Rectal cancer: the spectrum of selective surgery. Proc R Soc Med . 1976; 69 237-244

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
7 Nicholls R, Mason A, Morson B. The clinical staging of rectal cancer. Br J Surg . 1982; 69 404-409

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
8 Rifkin M, Ehrlich S, Marks G. Staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of endorectal US and CT. Radiology . 1989; 170 319-322

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
9 Goldman S. Transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography in preoperative staging of lower rectal adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Radiol . 1991; 16 259-263

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
10 Blomqvist L, Holm T, Rubio C. Rectal tumour staging: MR imaging using pelvic phased-array and endorectal coils vs endoscopic ultrasonography. Eur Radiol . 2000; 10 653-660

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
11 Thaler W, Watzka S, Martin F. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by endoluminal ultrasound vs magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary results of a prospective comparative study. Dis Colon Rectum . 1994; 37 1189-1193

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
12 Guillem J, Puig-La Calle J, Akhurst T. Prospective assessment of primary rectal cancer response to preoperative radiation and chemotherapy using 18-flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Dis Colon Rectum . 2000; 43 18-24

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
13 Boykin K. The use of FDG-positron emission tomography for the evaluation of colorectal metastases of the liver. Am Surg . 1999; 65 1183-1185

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
14 Bernick P, Wong W D. Staging: What makes sense?. <~>Can the pathologist help? Surg Oncol Clin N Amer . 2000; 9 703-720

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
15 Akasu T, Kondo H, Moriya Y. Endorectal ultrasonography and treatment of early stage rectal cancer. World J Surg . 2000; 24 1061-1068

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
16 Wong W, Orrom W, Jensen L. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer with endorectal ultrasonography. Perspectives Colon Rectal Surg . 1990; 3 315-334

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
17 Stoker J, Rociu E, Wiersma T G. Imaging of anorectal disease. Br J Surg . 2000; 87 10-27

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
18 Solomon M, McLeod R. Endoluminal transrectal ultrasonography: accuracy, reliability, and validity. Dis Colon Rectum . 1993; 36 200-205

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
19 Saclarides T. Surgeon-performed ultrasound. Surg Clin N Amer . 1998; 78 237-250

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
20 Mason A. Role of local surgery in carcinoma of the rectum. Proc R Soc Med . 1976; 69 869-872

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
21 Holdsworth P J, Johnston D, Chalmers A G. Endoluminal ultrasound and computed tomography in the staging of rectal cancer. Br J Surg . 1988; 75 1019-1022

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
22 Beynon J, Foy D M, Temple L N. The endoscopic appearances of normal colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum . 1986; 28 810-813

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
23 Kim H, Wong W D. Role of endorectal ultrasound in the conservative management of rectal cancers. Semin Surg Oncol . 2000; 19 358-366

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
24 Waizer A, Powsner E, Russo I. Comparative study for preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum . 1989; 32 53-56

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
25 Kim N K, Kim M J, Yun S H. Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum . 1999; 42 770-775

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
26 Osti M, Padovan F S, Pirolli C. Comparison between transrectal ultrasonography and computed tomography with rectal inflation of gas in preoperative staging of lower rectal cancer. Eur Radiol . 1997; 7 26-30

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
27 Herzog U, Von Flue M, Tondelli P. How accurate is endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer?. Dis Colon Rectum . 1993; 36 127-134

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
28 Rivadeneira D E, Daly J M. Hepatic metastases in surgical oncology: contemporary principles and practice. Bland K, Daly J, Karakousis C, eds. New York: McGraw Hill 2000 : 1133-1147

Search in Google Scholar
29 Starck M, Bohe M, Fork F T. Endoluminal ultrasound and low-field magnetic resonance imaging are superior to clinical examination in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Eur J Surg . 1995; 161 841-845

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
30 Meyenberger C, Huch-Boni R A, Bertschinger P. Endoscopic ultrasound and endorectal magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective, comparative study for preoperative staging and follow-up of rectal cancer. Endoscopy . 1995; 27 469-479

Thieme Connect PubMed Search in Google Scholar
31 Gualdi G, Casciani E, Guadalaxara A. Local staging of rectal cancer with transrectal ultrasound and endorectal magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with histologic findings. Dis Colon Rectum . 2000; 43 338-345

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
32 Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum . 1985; 28 42-46

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
33 Blumberg D, Paty P B, Picon A I. All patients with small intramural rectal cancers are at risk for lymph node metastasis. Dis Colon Rectum . 1999; 42 881-885

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
34 Garcia-Aguilar J, Mellegren A, Sirivong P. Local excision of rectal cancer without adjuvant therapy. Ann Surg . 2000; 231 345-351

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
35 Benyon J, Mortensen N JM, Foy D MA. Preoperative assessment of mesorectal lymph node involvement in rectal cancer. Br J Surg . 1989; 76 276-279

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
36 Sunouchi K. Limitation of endorectal ultrasonography: what does a low lesion more than 5 mm in size correspond to histologically?. Dis Colon Rectum . 1998; 41 761-764

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
37 Katsura Y. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of wall invasion and lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum . 1992; 35 362-368

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
38 Ogunbiyi O A, Flanagan F L, Dehdashti F. Detection of recurrent and metastatic colorectal cancer: comparison of positron emission tomography and computed tomography. Ann Surg Oncol . 1997; 4 613-620

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
39 Rafaelsen S, Kronborg O, Fenger C. Digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography in staging of rectal cancer. A prospective, blind study. Acta Radiol . 1994; 35 300-304

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
40 Kwok H, Bissett I, Hill G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis . 2000; 15 9-20

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar
41 Deen K, Madoff R D, Wong W D. Preoperative staging of rectal neoplasm with endorectal ultrasonography. Sem Colon Rectum Surg . 1995; 6 78-85

PubMed Search in Google Scholar
42 Pikarsky A, Wexner S, Lebensart P. The use of rectal ultrasound for the correct diagnosis and treatment of rectal villous tumors. Am J Surg . 2000; 179 261-265

Crossref PubMed Search in Google Scholar