Zusammenfassung
Beim malignen Melanom der Haut wie auch bei vielen anderen soliden Tumoren ist die
maligne Transformation der Zellen und die Progression der Tumoren Folge einer Kaskade
von genetischen Veränderungen. Kopplungsanalysen in Melanomfamilien legen nahe, dass
neben dem nur in Einzelfällen veränderten CDK4-Gen zwei weitere bislang nicht identifizierte
Melanomgene existieren, die in den Chromosomenabschnitten 1p36 und 9p21 lokalisiert
sind. Neuere Daten weisen darauf hin, dass das p16-(CDKN2)-Tumorsuppressorgen die
frühe Progression bei zumindest einigen Melanomen steuert. Eine Assoziation mit bestimmten
Varianten des Melanocortin-1-Rezeptors führt zu einer weiteren Risikoerhöhung. Die
Ausschaltung von noch nicht bekannten Genen auf den Chromosomenarmen 6q, 10p und 10q
scheint ebenfalls eine pathogenetische Rolle in frühen Melanomstadien zu haben. Bislang
war es aber noch nicht möglich, diese genetischen Veränderungen mit bestimmten morphologischen
Stadien des primären Melanoms zu assoziieren. Entsprechend den Befunden bei anderen
Tumorarten scheint der Verlust von genetischem Material der Chromosomenbanden 1p36
und 11q23 - 25 ebenso wie die Amplifikation von Abschnitten des Chromosoms 7 mit einem
erhöhten Metastasierungspotenzial verbunden zu sein. Bei der Identifizierung von Hochrisikopersonen
aus Melanomfamilien werden diese molekularen Befunde bereits klinisch umgesetzt. In
den nächsten Jahren ist damit zu rechnen, dass molekulare Befunde prognostische Hinweise
bei Patienten mit sporadischen Melanomen liefern könnten.
Abstract
In malignant melanoma as in many other malignancies the process of tumorigenesis and
tumor progression appears to result from the accumulation of multiple genetic lesions.
Linkage analyses in melanoma families gave evidence for at least three predisposing
genes. Besides an infrequently altered CDK4 gene two other still unknown genes may
be located in the bands 1p36 and 9p21. Recent data indicate that the p16 (CDKN2) tumor
suppressor gene may be involved in very early stages of melanoma progression. It has
been shown that an association with particular variants of the Melanocortin-1 Receptor
gene modifies and increases melanoma risk. An inactivation of genes not yet identified
on 6q, 10q and 10p seems to be involved in later progression stages. However, these
genetic alterations could not be associated with clinically defined stages of melanoma
progression such as radial growth (RGP) or vertical growth phase (VGP). Paralleling
findings in other malignancies loss of genetic material of chromosome bands 1p36 and
11q23 - 25 as well as gain of bands of chromosome 7 seem to be associated with the
capability to metastasize. These findings have already been applied to identify high
risk members of melanoma families. In near future molecular data might provide prognostic
information in patients with sporadic melanoma.
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Prof. Dr. J. Weiß
Osterstr. 24
30159 Hannover