Abstract
Phenothiazinylboronic acid derivatives 3 ,7 and 9 , useful building
blocks for the construction of oligophenothiazines, are readily
synthesized in good yield from brominated phenothiazines 5 and 6 by bromine-lithium
exchange followed by trapping with trialkylborate (route
A ) or by palladium-catalyzed borylation with tetramethyl dioxoborolane
(8 ) (route B ).
The novel class of tetrakis(phenothiazinylphenyl)methanes 11 , showing remarkably large Stokes shifts
and a reversible low oxidation potential, can be prepared in good
yield by Suzuki coupling of tetrakis(p -bromophenyl)methane
(10 ) with 3a .
Key words
borylation - coupling - dendrimers - heterocycles
References 1 New Address: Organisch-Chemisches Institut
der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
2
Sainsbury M. In Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry
Vol.
3:
Katritzky AR.
Rees CW.
Pergamon;
Oxford:
1984.
p.995
3a
Mietzsch F.
Angew. Chem.
1954,
66:
363
3b
Ionescu M.
Mantsch H.
Adv. Heterocycl. Chem.
1967,
8:
83
3c
Bodea C.
Silberg I.
Adv. Heterocycl. Chem.
1968,
9:
321
3d
Valzelli L.
Garattini S. In Principles
of Psychopharmacology
Clark WG.
Academic
Press;
1970:
255.
3e
Okafor CO.
Heterocycles
1977,
7:
391
3f
Eckstein Z.
Urbanski T.
Adv. Heterocycl. Chem.
1978,
23:
1
3g
Szabo J.
Chem.
Heterocycl. Compd. USSR (Engl. Trans.)
1979,
15:
291
3h
Albery WJ.
Foulds AW.
Hall KJ.
Hillman AR.
Edgell RG.
Orchard AF.
Nature
1979,
282:
793
4a
Nishiwaki E.
Nakagawa H.
Takasaki M.
Matsumoto T.
Sakurai H.
Shibuya M.
Heterocycles
1990,
31:
1763
4b
Decuyper J.
Piette J.
Lopez M.
Merville MP.
Vorst A.
Biochem.
Pharmacol.
1984,
33:
4025
4c
Motten AG.
Buettner GR.
Chignell CF.
Photochem. Photobiol.
1985,
42:
9
4d
Fujita H.
Matsuo I.
Chem. Biol. Interac.
1988,
66:
27
5a
Forrest I.
Forrest F.
Biochim.
Biophys. Acta
1958,
29:
441
5b
Iida Y.
Bull.
Chem. Soc. Jpn.
1971,
44:
663
5c
Moutet J.-C.
Reverdy G.
Nouv. J. Chim.
1983,
7:
105
For UV/Vis and EPR spectra
of 10-methylphenothiazine, see e.g.:
6a
Shine HJ.
Mach EE.
J.
Org. Chem.
1965,
30:
2130
6b
Shine HJ.
Thompson DR.
Veneziani C.
J. Heterocycl. Chem.
1967,
4:
517
6c For cyclovoltammetric
and spectroscopic data of phenothiazine, see e.g.: Tinker LA.
Bard AJ.
J.
Am. Chem. Soc.
1979,
101:
2316
6d
Padusek B.
Kalinowski MK.
Electrochim. Acta
1983,
28:
639
6e
McIntyre R.
Gerischer H.
Ber. Bunsen Ges. Phys. Chem.
1984,
88:
963
7a
Duesing R.
Tapolsky G.
Meyer TJ.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1990,
112:
5378
7b
Jones WE.
Chen P.
Meyer TJ.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1992,
114:
387
7c
Brun AM.
Harriman A.
Heitz V.
Sauvage J.-P.
J. Am.
Chem. Soc.
1991,
113:
8657
7d
Burrows HD.
Kemp TJ.
Welburn MJ.
J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2
1973,
969
7e
Collin J.-P.
Guillerez S.
Sauvage J.-P.
J.
Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
1989,
776
7f
Daub J.
Engl R.
Kurzawa J.
Miller SE.
Schneider S.
Stockmann A.
Wasielewski MR.
J.
Phys. Chem. A
2001,
105:
5655
8a
Wheland RC.
Gillson JL.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1976,
98:
3916
8b
Berges P.
Kudnig J.
Klar G.
Sanchez-Martinez E.
Diaz-Calleja R.
Synth.
Met.
1992,
46:
207
8c
Knorr A.
Daub J.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1995,
34:
2664
8d
Spreitzer H.
Scholz M.
Gescheidt G.
Daub J.
Liebigs Ann. Chem.
1996,
2069
8e
Spreitzer H.
Daub J.
Chem.-Eur. J.
1996,
2:
1150
9a For
applications of AFM and STM in chemistry, see e.g.: Various authors Chem.
Rev.
1997,
97: Issue 4
9b For applications in
molecular electronics, see e.g.: Rabe JP. In An Introduction to Molecular Electronics
Petty MC.
Bryce MR.
Bloor D.
Oxford
University Press;
New York:
1995.
p.261-278
9c For nanoscale materials
see e.g.: Various authors Acc. Chem. Res.
1999 , 32 , Issue
5.
For conductance of single molecules
under STM conditions, see e.g.:
10a
Bumm LA.
Arnold JJ.
Cygan MT.
Dunbar TD.
Burgin TP.
Jones LII.
Allara DL.
Tour JM.
Weiss PS.
Science
1996,
271:
1705
10b
Davis WB.
Svec WA.
Ratner MA.
Wasielewski MR.
Nature
1998,
396:
60
10c
Cygan MT.
Dunbar TD.
Arnold JJ.
Bumm LA.
Shedlock NF.
Burgin TP.
Jones LII.
Allara DL.
Tour JM.
Weiss PS.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1998,
120:
2721
10d
Leatherman G.
Durantini EN.
Gust D.
Moore TA.
Moore AL.
Stone S.
Zhou Z.
Rez P.
Liu YZ.
Lindsay SM.
J. Phys. Chem. B
1999,
103:
4006
11a
Müller TJJ.
Tetrahedron
Lett.
1999,
40:
6563
11b
Krämer CS.
Zeitler K.
Müller TJJ.
Org. Lett.
2000,
2:
3723
12
Krämer CS.
Zeitler K.
Müller TJJ.
Tetrahedron Lett.
2001,
42:
8619
13a
Miyaura N.
Suzuki A.
Chem.
Rev.
1995,
95:
2457
13b
Suzuki A. In Metal Catalyzed Cross Coupling Reactions
Stang PJ.
Diederich F.
Wiley-VCH;
Weinheim:
1998.
p.49-97
13c
Stanforth SP.
Tetrahedron
1998,
54:
263
13d
Suzuki A.
J.
Organomet. Chem.
1999,
576:
147
14 Compounds 5 were
prepared in good yields by KOBu-t mediated
N-alkylation of 3-bromo-10H -phenothiazine
that can be synthesized in excellent yield and multigram quantities
(75 g) according to: Cymerman-Craig J.
Rogers WP.
Warwick GP.
Aust.
J. Chem.
1955,
8:
252
15
Bodea C.
Terdic M.
Acad. Rep. Pop. Rom.
1962,
13:
81 ; Chem. Abstr. 1963 , 59 , 11477
16
Brandsma L. In Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie
Vol.
E19d:
Hanack M.
Georg
Thieme Verlag;
Stuttgart:
1993.
p.406-413
17
Köster R. In Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie
Vol.
13/3a:
Köster R.
Georg
Thieme Verlag;
Stuttgart:
1982.
p.634-647
18a
Ebdrup S.
J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans.
1
1998,
1147
18b
Ebdrup S.
Synthesis
1998,
1107
19
Coudret C.
Synth.
Comm.
1996,
29:
3543
20a
Kalinowski H.-O.
Berger S.
Braun S.
13
C NMR Spektroskopie
Georg
Thieme Verlag;
Stuttgart:
1984.
p.232
20b
Kalinowski H.-O.
Berger S.
13
C NMR Spektroskopie
Georg
Thieme Verlag;
Stuttgart:
1984.
p.569
21a
Murata M.
Watanabe S.
Masuda Y.
J. Org. Chem.
1997,
62:
6458
21b
Murata M.
Oyama T.
Watanabe S.
Masuda Y.
J. Org. Chem.
2000,
65:
164
22a
Zimmermann TJ.
Freundel O.
Gompper R.
Müller TJJ.
Eur. J. Org. Chem.
2000,
3305
22b
Zimmermann TJ.
Müller TJJ.
Z.
Naturforscher
2001,
56b:
1349
22c Zimmermann, T. J.;
Müller, T. J. J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2002 , submitted.
22d Zimmermann, T. J.;
Müller, T. J. J. Synthesis 2002 , submitted.
23 For an excellent consideration of
electron transfer from and to molecules with multiple, noninteracting
redox centers, see e.g.: Flanagan JB.
Margel S.
Bard AJ.
Anson FC.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1978,
100:
4248
24
Organikum
14
th ed.:
VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften;
Berlin:
1993.
25a
Wilson LM.
Griffin AC.
J. Mater. Chem.
1993,
3:
991
25b
Hoskins BF.
Robson R.
J. Am. Chem.
Soc.
1990,
112:
1546
26
Zanello P. In Ferrocenes
Togni A.
Hayashi T.
VCH;
Weinheim:
1995.
p.317