Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Leitlinien sind ein Instrument zur Umsetzung evidenzbasierter Medizin in die Praxis
auch für die Rehabilitation. Ein 1998 von der BfA gefördertes Projekt zur kardiologischen
Rehabilitation kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die 1995 von der Agency for Health Care
Policy and Research (AHCPR) publizierte Leitlinie als Rahmenleitlinie für die kardiale
Rehabilitation koronarer Patienten von der BfA übernommen werden sollte. Die Wirksamkeit
der kardialen Rehabilitation kann zwar auf der Basis dieser und anderer systematischer
Übersichtsarbeiten als belegt angesehen werden, allerdings werden keine dezidierten
Aussagen zu Struktur- und Prozessvorgaben einer mehrdimensionalen, umfassenden kardialen
Rehabilitation gemacht. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden therapeutische Interventionen
in Studien, die eine Effektivität der kardialen Rehabilitation belegen, näher analysiert,
um die für eine effektive kardiale Rehabilitation zentralen Elemente zu charakterisieren
und für eine evidenzbasierte Leitlinie zu konkretisieren. Methodik: Grundlage bilden die in der AHCPR-Leitlinie zitierten wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten,
die ergänzt wurden um nach Erscheinen der Leitlinie publizierte (randomisierte) kontrollierte
Studien. Nach Anwendung a priori definierter Kriterien wurde ein Drittel (n = 53)
der 159 mittels systematischer Recherche identifizierten Studien zur Leitlinienkonkretisierung
herangezogen. Charakteristika des Studiendesigns, der Intervention und der erzielten
Outcomes wurden in ein standardisiertes Datenextraktionsblatt übertragen. Um die Vergleichbarkeit
zu erleichtern, wurden die vorliegenden Studien nach Interventionen und untersuchten
Zielgruppen geordnet. Aus Gründen der Übersichtlichkeit können nicht alle Ergebnisse
dargestellt werden, so dass sich die Publikation auf wesentliche, das Vorgehen illustrierende
Aspekte konzentriert. Ergebnisse: 32 der 53 berücksichtigten Studien wurden zur Indikation „Myokardinfarkt” (MI) durchgeführt.
In diesen 32 Studien wurden insgesamt 40 Interventionen an 2912 Patienten untersucht.
28 der 40 Interventionen befassen sich mit Ausdauertraining bzw. Ausdauertraining
und weiteren Bewegungselementen (z. B. Krafttraining), 7 Interventionen beinhalten
nur Beratungselemente und 5 Interventionen umfassen sowohl Bewegungs- als auch Beratungselemente.
Mit einem Ausdauertraining wird in der Regel 3 - 4 Wochen nach MI begonnen. Überwiegend
wird etwa 30 - 60 Minuten drei- bis 5mal pro Woche trainiert. Die Trainingsintensität
beträgt entweder 65 - 85 % der im Belastungstest ermittelten maximalen Herzfrequenz
oder ca. 70 % der ermittelten maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme. Alle Interventionen erhöhen
die Belastungstoleranz. Der Netto-Zugewinn im Vergleich zu unbehandelten Kontrollgruppen
liegt dabei zwischen + 11 % und + 30 %. Je höher die Trainingsintensität, desto größer
die Trainingseffekte. Ergebnisparameter wie psychisches Wohlbefinden, Wiedereingliederung
in den Beruf oder die Modifikation von Risikofaktoren werden in der Mehrzahl der Studien
zur Evaluation eines Ausdauertrainings nach MI nicht erhoben. Diskussion: Trotz mitunter verbesserungsfähiger Reportqualität und methodischer Limitationen
der vorliegenden Studien lassen sich aus der detaillierten Analyse der Interventionen
konkrete Hinweise auf die optimale Gestaltung kardialer Rehabilitation ableiten. Für
die zentralen Elemente können relevante Charakteristika quantifiziert und in „Behandlungskorridore”
übersetzt werden. Dabei wird Kompatibilität mit der KTL (Klassifikation therapeutischer
Leistungen in der medizinischen Rehabilitation) angestrebt, um in einem nächsten Schritt
anhand der KTL-Statistiken die Bereiche zu identifizieren, in denen sich statistisch
gesicherte Unterschiede zwischen den definierten Vorgaben und den in der Rehabilitationspraxis
erbrachten Leistungen zeigen. Als weiterer Schritt zu einer evidenzbasierten, empirisch
abgesicherten, praktikablen und akzeptablen Leitlinie ist geplant, die Ergebnisse
des Projektes mit Experten aus Klinik und Wissenschaft zu konsentieren.
Abstract
Background: Guidelines are a means to support effective clinical practice and can be used to
implement evidence-based medicine in rehabilitative practice. In 1998 a study on cardiac
rehabilitation, funded by Bundesversicherungsanstalt für Angestellte, BfA, concluded
that the AHCPR's Guideline on Cardiac Rehabilitation published in 1995 could be used
as a reference guideline for the rehabilitation of coronary patients. The AHCPR Guideline
and other systematic reviews showed cardiac rehabilitation to be an effective means
in coronary care. However, no detailed information is given with regard to the structural
and processual details that are required for a multidimensional and comprehensive
cardiac rehabilitation scheme. To define those central characteristics, therapeutic
interventions that had been proven to be effective for cardiac rehabilitation were
analysed. The information derived from these analyses will then be used to develop
a more detailed evidence-based guideline. Methods: The analysis was based on the research cited in the AHCPR Guideline. Additionally,
a systematic search of the literature identified (randomised) controlled studies published
after 1995 for the analysis. Using criteria that had been developed prior to our review,
one third (n = 53) of the 159 studies identified were considered suitable for further
analysis. Characteristics of the study design, the interventions and the outcomes
reported were extracted on a standardised data sheet. In order to facilitate comparisons,
studies were arranged according to main intervention and target groups. As it is not
possible to present the results in their entirety, this publication focuses on the
main aspects which illustrate the method applied. Results: 32 of the 53 studies included dealt with patients after myocardial infarction (MI).
In these 32 studies a total of 40 interventions (in 2,912 patients) were investigated.
28 of these interventions dealt with exercise training or exercise training combined
with other physical training (i. e. strength training). 7 interventions dealt with
counselling only, and 5 interventions had exercise training and counselling as integral
parts. Exercise training starts mainly three to four weeks after MI, for 30 - 60 minutes
three to 5 times a week. Usually, training intensity is set at 65 - 80 % of the maximum
heart rate (or 70 % of the maximum oxygen consumption) reached in standardised exercise
testing. All interventions lead to gains in exercise tolerance. Compared to untreated
control groups the net benefit ranges from + 11 % to + 30 %. The higher the intensity
of the training, the larger the net benefit. The majority of the studies on the effectiveness
of exercise training after MI do not report outcomes like psychological well-being,
return to work or modification of risk factors. Discussion: Despite limitations in report quality and methodology in some of the studies included,
a detailed analysis of the interventions investigated can be used to substantiate
optimal cardiac rehabilitation. It is possible to quantify important characteristics
of the main elements and to define lower and upper limits of treatment. While formulating
these limits, it is intended to maintain compatibility with the BfA Classification
of therapeutic measures in medical rehabilitation (KTL). As a next step the data from
the KTL statistics will be used to assess the scope of German rehabilitative care
to define areas which do not comply with the limits defined in the guideline. The
results will be consented with experts from science and clinical practice in order
to develop an evidence-based, empirically founded, practicable and acceptable guideline
for cardiac rehabilitation.
Schlüsselwörter
Kardiologische Rehabilitation - Leitlinien - Evidenzbasierte Medizin - Systematischer
Review
Key words
Cardiac rehabilitation - Clinical guidelines - Evidence based medicine - Systematic
Review
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Dr. med. Eva Maria BitzerM.P.H.
ISEG - Institut für Sozialmedizin, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitssystemforschung
Lavesstr. 80
30159 Hannover
eMail: bitzer@iseg.org