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DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-33870
TIPS or Vasoconstrictors for the Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome Type 1 - Effect on Survival?
TIPS oder Vasokonstriktoren beim hepatorenalen Syndrom Typ 1 - beeinflussen sie das Patientenüberleben?Publikationsverlauf
Manuscript recieved: 26. November 2001
Accepted after Revision: 3. Januar 2002
Publikationsdatum:
05. September 2002 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Das hepatorenale Syndrom (HRS) ist eine schwere Komplikation der Leberzirrhose, die mit einer hohen Mortalität verbunden ist. Entsprechend dem klinischen Verlauf werden zwei Formen des HRS unterschieden: Das HRS Typ I ist gekennzeichnet durch einen raschen Anstieg der Retentionsparameter (Verdoppelung des Serumkreatinins auf Werte > 2,5 mg/dl) oder einen raschen Abfall der Kreatininclearance < 20 ml/min innerhalb von 14 Tagen. Das HRS Typ II entspricht dem chronischen Verlauf der Erkrankung mit nur mäßig erhöhten Retentionswerten (Kreatinin > 1,5 mg/dl). Hämodynamischen Veränderungen wird in der Pathophysiologie des HRS eine wesentliche Rolle beigemessen: So findet sich bei diesen Patienten neben portaler Hypertension eine periphere, vor allem splanchnische Vasodilatation, welche zu einer Abnahme des zentralen, effektiven Blutvolumens führt. Dies wiederum hat eine Aktivierung Volumen und Natrium retinierender Hormonsysteme wie des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-Systems und des sympathischen Nervensystems zur Folge. Hieraus resultieren eine Abnahme des renalen Blutflusses, der glomerulären Filtrationsrate und der freien Wasserclearance bei gleichzeitiger Steigerung der Natriumrückresorption. Neuere therapeutische Strategien zielen nun auf eine Korrektur der zugrunde liegenden hämodynamischen Veränderungen: So senkt der transjuguläre intrahepatische portosystemische Shunt den Pfortaderdruck, während verschiedene vasoaktive Substanzen über eine periphere und splanchnische Vasokonstriktion wirken. Zahlreiche, meist unkontrollierte Studien konnten einen günstigen Effekt dieser Strategien auf die Nierenfunktion belegen. In der vorliegenden Übersicht wird eine zusammenfassende Analyse durchgeführt, die zeigt, dass sich dieser positive Effekt auch auf das Überleben von Patienten mit HRS Typ 1 auswirken kann.
Abstract
HRS is a serious complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites and associated with a poor prognosis unless liver transplantation can be performed. Two different types of HES are being differentiated according to the clinical presentation: while HRS type I is characterised by rapid deterioration of renal function indicated by a two-fold increase of serum creatinine to values above 2.5 mg/dl or a decrease of creatinine clearance to values below 20 ml/min, HRS type II shows moderately increased serum creatinine above 1.5 mg/dl remaining stable over a longer period. The most prominent circulatory alterations in patients with chronic liver disease comprise portal hypertension and peripheral (mainly splanchnic) arterial vasodilation. This leads to a decreased centrally effective blood volume in cirrhotic patients. As a consequence, activation of sodium- and volume-retaining neurohumoral systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system and a non-osmotic release of arginine-vasopressin can be observed. These neurohumoral alterations induce renal sodium and water retention which are responsible for accumulation of ascites and deterioration of renal function. Recent therapeutic strategies of the hepatorenal syndrome take into account these pathophysiologic considerations: whereas the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt lowers portal hypertension, infusion of vasoactive drugs increases systemic vascular resistance in cirrhotic patients. Several uncontrolled trials have reported a positive effect of these strategies on renal function. The present analysis of combined data from these reports shows that this positive effect on renal function also may improve survival of patients with HRS type I.
Schlüsselwörter
hepatorenales Syndrom - Therapie - Vasokonstriktoren - TIPS
Key words
Hepatonenal syndrome - therapy - vasoconstrictors - TIPS
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Veit Gülberg, M.D.
Department of Medicine II, Klinikum of the Ludwig-Maximilians
University · Großhadern
Marchioninistr. 15
81377 München
eMail: Veit.Guelberg@med2.med.uni-muenchen.de