Zusammenfassung
Ernährungsfaktoren spielen eine Rolle für die
Prävention kolorektaler Karzinome. Es finden sich zunehmend Hinweise, dass
eine hohe Zufuhr an Folsäure, für die grüne Blattgemüse
eine gute Quelle sind, das Risiko für kolorektale Karzinome mindert.
Folsäure ist als Überträger von 1-Kohlenstoffresten an der
Purin- und Thymidilatsynthese sowie der DNA-Methylierung beteiligt.
Veränderungen der Genexpression und DNA-Schäden werden demnach als
mögliche Ursachen für das erhöhte Risiko, bei einem niedrigen
Folatstatus an einem kolorektalen Karzinom zu erkranken, diskutiert. Diese
Hypothese wird durch die Beobachtung unterstützt, dass der weit
verbreitete C677T-Polymorphismus des Gens, das für das Enzym
Methylentetrahydrofolatreduktase kodiert, das relative Risiko für
kolorektale Karzinome bei einem niedrigen Folatstatus erhöht.
Sowohl retrospektiv als auch prospektiv angelegte epidemiologische
Studien bestätigen die Vermutung, dass eine hohe Folsäurezufuhr mit
einem niedrigeren Risiko für kolorektale Karzinome einhergeht. Es gibt
ebenfalls Hinweise aus epidemiologischen Studien, dass eine sog. methylarme
Kost, d. h. die Kombination aus einer relativ hohen Alkoholaufnahme und
einer geringen Folsäure- und/oder Methioninzufuhr das Risiko für die
Entstehung kolorektaler Karzinome noch verstärkt. Einige wenige Studien
zur Intervention mit Folsäure geben erste Hinweise darauf, dass eine
Supplementierung, die die allgemeinen Zufuhrempfehlungen weit übersteigt,
mögliche Biomarker für kolorektale Neoplasien beeinflusst.
Abstract
Nutritional factors are important contributors to colorectal cancer
prevention. There is some evidence to suggest that a high dietary folate intake
is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Folate, which is found
in green leafy vegetables, is involved in C1 group transfer and contributes to
purin and thymidilate synthesis as well as to DNA methylation. Alterations in
gene expression and DNA damage are discussed to result from low folate levels
and might be associated with an elevated risk of colorectal malignancies. This
hypothesis can be supported by the finding that a common polymorphism in the
methylentetrahydrofolate reductase gene enhances the risk of colorectal cancer
when folate status is low.
Both retrospective and prospective epidemiologic studies confirm the
observation that a high intake of folate correlates with a lower risk of
colorectal cancer. There is also evidence from epidemiological studies that
diets which are low in methyl donors, such as low contents of folate and/or
methionine combined with relatively high alcohol consumption, even enhance the
risk of colorectal cancer. A small number of intervention trials provide first
evidence that folate intakes far above recommended dietary allowances might
influence possible biomarkers of colorectal tumours.
Schlüsselwörter
Folsäure - kolorektales
Karzinom - DNA-Synthese - DNA-Methylierung - epidemiologische
Studien
Key words
Folate - colorectal
cancer - DNA synthesis - DNA methylation epidemiologic
studies
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Prof. Dr. Dr. Jürgen Stein
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Email: Stein@em.uni-frankfurt.de