Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2003; 24(4): 245-251
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-39505
Physiology & Biochemistry
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Effects of Submaximal Exercise on High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Subfractions

D. H.  Park1 , J. W.  Ransone2
  • 1Korea Sport Science Institute, Seoul, Korea
  • 2Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos TX 78666, USA
Further Information

Publication History

Accepted after revision: January 8, 2003

Publication Date:
04 June 2003 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Acute high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) changes were determined in 18 healthy college aged-men completing two-counterbalanced running trials at different exercise intensities: trial 1 at 70 % lactate threshold (LT) (372.5 ± 28.9 kcal); trial 2 at LT intensity (365.9 ± 75.9 kcal). For each trial, blood samples were collected at pre-exercise (baseline), 15 min post-exercise (15 m PE) and 24 hours post-exercise (24 h). Serum samples were analyzed for HDL/HDL2/HDL3 subfraction, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), cholesterol ester, and triglycerides (TG). In addition, capillary blood samples were collected for analysis of blood lactate concentrations during incremental test to determine LT. All samples were corrected for plasma volume changes and compared to pre-exercise (baseline). In assessing the lipid and lipoprotein variables, the significant increase in HDL (p < 0.05) at the 24 h was due to the increase in both HDL2 and HDL3. The increase in 15 m PE TC at the LT intensity occurred while the decreases in 24 h TG and VLDL concentrations at the LT intensity occurred at different time periods, respectively. These decreases in the concentrations of TG and VLDL were significantly different, contributing to change in 24 h HDL concentration. No significant difference was determined in changes of HDL over time ratios of FC/CE and HDL2/HDL3. Therefore, the significant increase in 24 h HDL at LT intensity was potentially due to increases in both HDL2 and HDL3 subfractions even though 24 h FC was increased significantly. Exercise at LT intensity might favourably alter the lipid profile as demonstrated in 24 h HDL concentration in combination with decreases in TG and VLDL at 24 h post-exercise. Consequently, the LT intensity might appear to be the threshold intensity of acute aerobic exercise (expending 350 kcal) necessary to promote a significant increase in HDL.

Key words

Blood lipids - cardiovascular - running

References

  • 1 Aellen R, Hollmann W, Boutellier U. Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on plasma lipoproteins.  Int J Sports Med. 1993;  14 396-400
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 American Heart Association .Heart facts 1982. Dallas; American Heart Association 1982
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Anderson K M, Castelli W P, Levy D. Cholesterol and mortality: 30 years of follow up from the Framingham Study.  JAMA. 1987;  257 2176-2180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Angelopoulos T J, Robertson R J. Effect of a single exercise bout on serum triglycerides in untrained men.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1993;  33 264-267
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Angelopoulos T J, Robertson R J, Goss F L, Metz K F, LaPorte R E. Effect of repeated exercise bouts on high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and its subfractions HDL2-C and HDL3-C.  Int J Sports Med. 1993;  14 196-201
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Annuzzi G, Jansson E, Kaijser L, Holmquist L, Carlson L A. Increased removal rate of exogenous triglycerides after prolonged exercise in man: time course and effect of exercise duration.  Metabolism. 1987;  36 438-443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Baldwin J, Snow R J, Febbraio M A. Effect of training status and relative exercise intensity on physiological responses in men.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;  32 1648-1654
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Barbara S, Cooper S, Dorothy P R. The Economic cost of illness revisited. Washington, DC; Department of Health, Education and Welfare, DHEW publication (SSA) 1976, 76 - 11703
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Beaver W L, Wasserman K, Whipp B J. Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation.  J Appl Physiol. 1985;  59 1936-1940
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Beneke R. Anaerobic threshold, individual anaerobic threshold, and maximal lactate steady state in rowing.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;  27 863-867
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Berg A, Frey I, Baumstark M, Halle M, Keul J. Physical activity and lipoprotein disorders.  Sports Med. 1994;  17 6-21.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Bounds R G, Grandjean P W, O’Brien B C, Inman C, Crouse S F. Diet and short term plasma lipoprotein-lipid changes after exercise in trained Men.  Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000;  10 114-127
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Cloey T A, Bachorik P S. Use of Dual-precipitation procedure for measuring HDL3 in normolipidemic Serum.  Clin Chem. 1989;  35 1390-1393
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Coyle E F, Coggan A R, Hopper M K, Walters T J. Determinants of endurance in well-trained cyclists.  J Appl Physiol. 1988;  64 2622-2630
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Crouse S F, O’Brien B C, Grandjean P W, Lowe R C, Rohack J J, Green J S. Effects of training and a single session of exercise on lipids and apolipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic men.  J Appl Physiol. 1997;  83 2019-2028
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Cullinane E, Lazarous B, Thompson P D, Saratelli A, Herbert P N. Acute effects of a single exercise session on serum lipids in untrained men.  Clinical Chimica Acta. 1981;  109 341-344
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Dwyer J, Bybee R. Heart rate indices of the anaerobic threshold.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1983;  15 72-76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Ferguson M A, Alderson N L, Trost S G, Essig D A, Burke J R, Durstine J L. Effects of four different single exercise sessions on lipids, lipoproteins, and lipoprotein lipase.  J Appl Physiol. 1998;  85 1169-1174
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Frey I, Baumstark M W, Berg A, Keul J. Influence of acute maximal exercise on lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in healthy adults of differing aerobic performance.  Eur J App Physiol. 1991;  62 31-35
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Friedewald W T, Levy R I, Fredrickson D S. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge.  Clin Chem. 1972;  18 499-502
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Gillen C M, Lee R, Mack G W, Tomaselli C M, Nishiyasu T, Nadel E R. Plasma volume expansion in humans after a single intense exercise protocol.  J Appl Physiol. 1991;  71 1914-1920
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Gordon D J, Probstfield J L, Garrison R J, Neaton J D, Castelli W P, Knoke J D, Jacobs D R, Bangdiwala S, Tyroler H A. High-density lipoprotien cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.  Circulation. 1989;  79 8-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Gordon P M, Fowler S, Warty V, Danduran M, Visich P, Keteyian S. Effects of acute exercise on high density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein subfractions in moderately trained females.  Br J Sports Med. 1998;  32 63-67
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Green H J, Thomson J A, Ball M E, Hughson R L, Houston M E, Sharratt M T. Alteration in blood volume following short-term supramaximal exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1984;  56 145-149
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Harrison M H, Edwards R J, Leitch D R. Effect of exercise and thermal stress on plasma volume.  J Appl Physiol. 1975;  39 925-931
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Heck H, Mader A, Hess G, Mucke S, Muller R, Hollmann W. Justification of the 4-mmol/l lactate threshold.  Int J Sports Med. 1985;  6 117-130
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Hicks A L, MacDougall J D, Muckle T J. Acute changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with exercise of different intensities.  J Appl Physiol. 1987;  63 1956-1960
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Hsia D C. Accuracy of Medicare reimbursement for cardiac arrest.  JAMA. 1990;  264 59-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Hughes R A, Thorland W G, Housh T J, Johnson G O. The effect of exercise intensity on serum lipoprotein responses.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1990;  30 254-260
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Jacobs I, Lithell H, Karlsson J. Dietary effects on glycogen and lipoprotein lipase activity in skeletal muscle in man.  Acta Physiol Scand. 1982;  115 85-90
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Kantor M A, Cullinane E M, Sady S P, Herbert P N, Thompson P D. Exercise acutely increases high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and lipoprotein lipase activity in trained and untrained men.  Metabolism. 1987;  36 188-192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kenney W L. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (5th ed.): Physical Fitness Testing. Philadelphia, PA; Williams & Wilkins 1995
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Kokkinos P F, Fernhall B. Physical activity and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: what is the relationship?.  Sports Med. 1999;  28 307-314
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Levi I. Cholesterol, lipoproteins, apoproteins, and heart disease: Present status and future prospects.  Clin Chem. 1981;  27 653-662
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 McLellan T M, Gass G C. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses relative to the anaerobic threshold.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;  21 191-198
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Murray R K, Granner D K, Mayes P A, Rodwell V W. Harper’s Biochemistry. (24th ed.) Appelton & Lange, Stamford, CT 1989: 254-270
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Nikkila E A, Taskinen M R, Sane T. Plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration and subfaction distribution in relation to triglyceride metabolism.  Am Heart J. 1987;  113 543-548
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Novosadova J. The changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma volume and proteins during and after different types of exercise.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1977;  36 223-230
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Orok C J, Hughson R L, Green H J, Thomson J A. Blood lactate responses in incremental exercise as predictors of constant load performance.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1989;  59 262-267
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Pivarnik J M, Leeds E M, Wilkerson J E. Effects of endurance exercise on metabolic water production and plasma volume.  J Appl Physiol. 1984;  56 613-618
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Pronk N P. Short term effects of exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in humans.  Sports Med. 1993;  16 431-448
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Rifai N, Warnick G R. Laboratory Measurement of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Apolipoprotiens (eds.): Measurement and Clinical Significance of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Subclasses. Washington, DC; AACC Press 1994: 207-222
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Stegmann H, Kindermann W. Comparison of prolonged exercise tests at the individual anaerobic threshold and the fixed anaerobic threshold of 4mmol/L lactate.  Int J Sports Med. 1982;  3 105-110
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Stein R A, Michielli D W, Glantz M D, Sardy H, Cohen A, Goldberg N, Brown C D. Effects of different exercise training intensities on lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in healthy middle- aged men.  Am Heart J. 1990;  119 277-283
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Stoudemire N M, Widman L, Pass K A, Mcginnes C L, Gaesser G A, Weltman A. The validity of regulating blood lactate concentration during running by ratings of perceived exertion.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;  28 490-495
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Swank A M, Robertson R J, Deitrich R W, Bates M. The effect of acute exercise on high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and the subfractions in females.  Atherosclerosis. 1987;  63 187-192
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Tim M, Holger H, Gabriel W, Wilfried K. Is determination of exercise intensities as percentage of V˙O2max or HRmax adequate?.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;  31 1342-1345
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Tran Z, Weltman A. The effects of exercise on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of studies.  Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1983;  15 393-402
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 van Beaumont W, Underkofler S, Beaumont S. Erythrocyte volume, plasma volume, and acid-base changed in exercise and heat dehydration.  J Appl Physiol. 1981;  50 1255-1262
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 van Beaumont W. Evaluation of hemoconcentration from hematocrit measurements.  J Appl Physiol. 1972;  32 712-713
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Visich P S, Goss F L, Gordon P M, Robertson R J, Warty V, Denys B G, Metz K F. Effects of exercise with varying energy expenditure on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1996;  72 242-248.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Warnick G R, Benderson J, Albers J J. Dextran sulfate-Mn2+ precipitation procedure for quantitation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.  Clin Chem. 1982;  28 1379-1388
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Weltman A, Weltman J, Rutt R, Seip R, Levine S, Snead D, Kaiser D, Rogol A. Percentage of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve, and V˙O2 peak for determining endurance training intensity in sedentary women.  Int J Sports Med. 1989;  10 212-216
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

J. Ransone, Ph. D. Professor

College of Education

Southwest Texas State University · San Marcos Texas 78666 · USA ·

Phone: (+1) 512 744 9439

Email: ransone@swt.edu