Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Eine 3- bis
4-wöchige Antikoagulation (AC) vor elektiver elektrischer Kardioversion
von Vorhofflimmern gilt als anerkannte Maßnahme zur Reduktion
thrombembolischer Ereignisse. In dieser Phase treten jedoch häufig
Perioden ineffektiver AC auf. Der Einfluss der Dauer einer ineffektiven AC auf
den Nachweis von Vorhofthromben (LAT) oder das staseinduzierte Phänomen
des spontanen Echokontrastes (SEC) mittels transösophagealer
Echokardiographie (TEE) sollte untersucht werden.
Patienten und Methodik: 56 konsekutive
Patienten (39 Männer) im mittleren Alter von 64 ± 9 Jahren mit
nicht-rheumatischem Vorhofflimmern, bei denen eine elektrische Kardioversion
nach einer mindestens 3-wöchigen AC geplant und eine ineffektive AC
dokumentiert war, wurden mittels TEE untersucht. Die Kardioversion erfolgte
nach LAT-Ausschluss oder bei Nachweis von LAT nach einer 4-wöchigen Phase
der AC und neuerlicher TEE. Nach Kardioversion erfolgte eine mindestens
4-wöchige AC und Nachbeobachtung. Echokardiographische, demographische und
klinische sowie die verfügbaren Gerinnungsparameter wurden erfasst.
Ergebnisse: Bei 5/56 (9 %)
der Patienten war ein LAT, bei zehn (18 %) ein SEC nachweisbar,
in keinem Fall beide Befunde. Bezüglich der Dauer der ineffektiven AC
unterschied sich die Gruppe mit LAT mit im Mittel 15 ± 10 Tagen (Spanne
5 - 28) nicht signifikant zur Patientengruppe mit
unauffälliger TEE (17 ± 8 Tage; Spanne 0 - 28)
und zur Gruppe mit SEC (23 ± 6 Tage; Spanne
12 - 28). Es bestand zwischen den drei Gruppen kein
signifikanter Unterschied bezüglich der untersuchten klinischen,
demographischen und anamnestischen Parameter. Thrombembolische Ereignisse
traten nicht auf.
Folgerung: Im untersuchten Kollektiv mit
kleinen Fallzahlen innerhalb der einzelnen Gruppen ließen weder die Dauer
der ineffektiven AC noch klinische, epidemiologische oder echokardiographische
Parameter Rückschlüsse auf das Vorkommen eines LAT zu. Bei
ineffektiver AC sollte daher eine TEE vor Kardioversion erfolgen. Patienten mit
SEC hatten in unserer Untersuchung kein erhöhtes Embolierisiko.
Background and objective: Anticoagulation
(AC) should be given for 3 to 4 weeks before elective electrical cardioversion
to reduce thromboembolic events. During this period ineffective AC is a common
problem. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of the duration
of ineffective AC on the incidence of left atrial thrombi (LAT) or spontaneous
echocontrast (SEC) induced by hemostasis detected by transesophageal
echocardiography (TEE).
Patients and methods: 56 consecutive patients
(39 men) at the age of 64 ± 9 years with non-rheumatic atrial
fibrillation who were scheduled for electrical cardioversion after 3 to 4 weeks
of AC and a documented ineffective AC underwent TEE. Cardioversion was
performed after exclusion of a LAT by TEE or in patients with LAT after 4 more
weeks of AC and repeated TEE. All patients received AC and were observed for at
least 4 weeks after cardioversion. Echocardiographic, demographic and clinical
parameters and available values of AC were recorded.
Results: In 5/56 (9 %)
patients a LAT, in 10 (18 %) patients SEC was detected. No
patient had both. In patients with LAT the duration of ineffective AC was 15
± 10 days (range 5 - 28) and did not differ
significantly from patients without LAT (17 ± 8 days; range
0 - 28) or to the group with SEC (23 ± 6 days; range
12 - 28). There was no significant difference of
demographic, echocardiographic and clinical parameters between these groups.
There was no embolic event during follow-up.
Conclusions: Neither the duration of
ineffective AC nor clinical, epidemiologic or echocardiographic parameters
could differentiate patients with or without LAT in our observed groups with
small numbers of patients. In case of an ineffective AC patients who are to
undergo electrical cardioversion should have TEE. In our study patients with
SEC were not at a higher thromboembolic risk.
Literatur
1
Arnold A Z, Matthew J M, Mazurek R P, Loop F D, Trohman R G.
Role of prophylactic anticoagulation for direct current
cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial
flutter.
J Am Coll
Cardiol.
1992;
19
851-855
2
Aschenberg W, Schluter M, Kremer P, Schroder E, Siglow V, Bleifeld W.
Transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography for the
detection of left atrial appendage thrombus.
J Am Coll
Cardiol.
1986;
7
163-166
3
Atrial Fibrillation Investigators .
Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic
therapy in atrial fibrillation.
Arch Intern
Med.
1994;
154
1449-1457
4
Black I W, Hopkins A P, Lee L CL, Walsh W F.
Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast: a clinical and
echocardiographic analysis.
J Am Coll
Cardiol.
1991;
18
398-404
5
Castello R, Puri S.
In vivo and in vitro studies on the mechanism and clinical
significance of spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in patients with atrial
dysrhythmias.
Prog Cardiovasc
Dis.
1996;
39
47-56
6
Channer K S.
Patients presenting acutely should be given anticoagulation
with
heparin.
BMJ.
1999;
319
453
7
Daniel W G, Erbel R, Kasper W. et al .
Safety of transesophageal
echocardiography.
Circulation.
1991;
83
817-821
8
Daniel W G, Nellessen U, Schröder E. et al .
Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in mitral valve
disease: an indicator for an increased thromboembolic risk.
J Am Coll
Cardiol.
1988;
11
104-111
9
Ewy G A.
Optimal technique for electrical cardioversion of atrial
fibrillation.
Circulation.
1992;
86
1645-1647
10
Feinberg W M, Blackshear J L, Laupacis A, Kronmal R, Hart R G.
Prevalence, age distribution and gender of patients with
atrial fibrillation.
Arch Intern
Med.
1995;
155
469-473
11
Fuster V, Ryden L E, Asinger R W. et al .
ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients
with atrial fibrillation.
J Am Coll
Cardiol.
2001;
38
1231-1266
12
Gallagher M M, Camm J.
Classification of atrial
fibrillation.
PACE.
1997;
20
1603-1605
13
Hirsh J, Dalen J E, Anderson D R. et al .
Oral anticoagulants: Mechanism of action, clinical
effectiveness and optimal therapeutic
range.
Chest.
1998;
114
445-469
14
International Committee for Standardization in
haematology, International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis .
ICSH/ICTH recommendations for reporting prothrombin time
in oral anticoagulation control.
Thromb
Haemost.
1985;
53
155-156
15
Jung J, Böhm M.
Vorhofflimmern - Therapie.
Dtsch med
Wochenschr.
2001;
126
1472-1474
16
Kamp O, Verhorst P MJ, Welling R C, Visser C A.
Importance of left atrial appendage flow as a predictor of
thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Eur Heart
J.
1999;
20
979-985
17
Klein A L, Grimm R A, Blach I W. et al .
Cardioversion guided by transesophageal echocardiography: The
ACUTE Pilot Study.
Ann Intern
Med.
1997;
126
200-209
18
Klein A L, Grimm R A, Murray D R. et al for The Assessment of Cardioversion Using
Transesophageal Echocardiography Investigators .
Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide
cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation.
N Engl J
Med.
2001;
344
1411-1420
19
Labovitz A J.
Transesophageal echocardiography and unexplained cerebral
ischemia: a multicenter follow-up study.
Am Heart
J.
1999;
137
1082-1087
20
Laupacis A, Albers G, Dalen J, Dunn M I, Jacobson A K, Singer D E.
Antithrombotic therapy in atrial
fibrillation.
Chest.
1998;
114
579S-589S
21
Levy S, Breithardt G, Campbell W F. et al .
Atrial fibrillation: current knowledge and recommendations
for management.
Eur Heart
J.
1998;
19
1294-1320
22
Lightowlers S, McGuire A.
Cost-effectiveness of anticoagulation in nonrheumatic atrial
fibrillation in the primary prevention of ischemic
stroke.
Stroke.
1998;
29
1827-1832
23
Manning W J, Silverman D I, Gordon S, Krumholz H M, Douglas P S.
Cardioversion from atrial fibrillation without prolonged
anticoagulation with use of transesophageal echocardiography to exclude the
presence of atrial thrombi.
N Engl J
Med.
1993;
328
750-755
24
Manning W J, Silverman D I, Keighley C S, Oettgen P, Douglas P S.
Transesophageal echocardiography facilitated early
cardioversion from atrial fibrillation using short-term anticoagulation: Final
results of a prospective 4,5-Year Study.
J Am Coll
Cardiol.
1995;
25
1354-1361
25
Manning W J.
Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the management of
thromboembolic stroke.
Am J
Cardiol.
1997;
80
19D-28D
26
Mügge A, Daniel W G, Hausmann D, Gödke J, Wagenbreth I, Lichtlen P.
Diagnosis of left atrial appendage thrombi by transesophageal
echocardiography: Clinical implications and follow-up.
Am J Cardiac
Imaging.
1990;
4
173-179
27
Moreyra E, Finkelhor R S, Cebul R D.
Limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in the risk
assessment of patients before nonanticoagulated cardioversion from atrial
fibrillation and flutter: an analysis of pooled data.
Am Heart
J.
1995;
129
71-75
28
Murray R D, Goodman A S, Lieber E A. et al .
National use of transesophageal echocardiography guided
approach to cardioversion for patients in atrial fibrillation.
Am J
Cardiol.
2000;
85
239-244
29
Omran H, Jung W, Rabahieh R. et al .
Left atrial chamber and appendage function after internal
atrial defibrillation: a prospective and serial transesophageal
echocardiographic study.
J Am Coll
Cardiol.
1997;
29
131-138
30
Roijer A, Eskilsson J, Olsson B.
Transesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of
atrial fibrillation or flutter.
Eur Heart
J.
2000;
21
837-847
31
Rosendaal F R, Cannegieter S C, van der
Meer F JM, Briet E.
A method to determine the optimal intensity of oral
anticoagulant therapy.
Thromb
Haemost.
1993;
69
236-239
32
Schlicht J R, Davis R C, Naqi K, Cooper W, Rao V.
Physician practices regarding anticoagulation and
cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.
Arch Intern
Med.
1996;
156
290-294
33
Seidl K, Rameken M, Drögemüller A. et al .
Embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation and
effective anticoagulation: value of transesophageal echocardiography to guide
direct-current cardioversion.
J Am Coll
Cardiol.
2002;
39
1436-1442
34
Stellbrink C, Hanrath P.
The optimal management of cardioversion of atrial
fibrillation or flutter: still a „stunning”
problem.
Eur Heart
J.
2000;
21
795-798
35
Verhorst P MJ, Kamp O, Verheugt F WA, Visser C A.
How safe is DC-cardioversion for non-rheumatic atrial
fibrillation without anticoagulation? (Abstract 1943) .
Eur Heart
J.
1993;
14
(Suppl)
356
36
Weigner M J, Katz S E, Douglas P S, Manning W J.
Left atrial appendage anatomy and function: short term
response to sustained atrial
fibrillation.
Heart.
1999;
82
555-558
37
Whittle J, Wickenheiser L, Venditti L N.
Is warfarin underused in the treatment of elderly persons
with atrial fibrillation?.
Arch Intern
Med.
1997;
157
441-445
38 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization .33rd Report WHO technical report series. Geneva:
WHO 1983: 81
39
Wipf J E, Lipsky B A.
Atrial fibrillation. Thromboembolic risk and indications for
anticoagulation.
Arch Intern
Med.
1990;
150
1598-1603
40
Wolf P A, Abbott R D, Kannel W B.
Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke:
the Framingham
Study.
Stroke.
1991;
22
983-988
Dr. med. Matthias Stopp
Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Innere Medizin
V/Pneumologie, Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes
66421 Homburg/Saar
Telefon: 06841/1623000
Fax: 06841/1623653
eMail: pnmsto@uniklinik-saarland.de