Zusammenfassung
Frühe arteriosklerotische Gefäßwandprozesse sind
erkennbar an einer Zunahme der arteriellen Wanddicke. Die Verdickung des
Intima-Media-Komplexes stellt einen nicht-invasiven und gut reproduzierbaren
Messparameter für Arterienwandumbauprozesse dar, der im Bereich der
Karotiden mithilfe hochauflösender Ultraschallmethoden einfach bestimmt
werden kann. Bezogen auf Messungen der Intima-Media-Dicke (IMD) der
Karotisarterien kommen aber verschiedene Arbeitsgruppen zu unterschiedlichen
Ergebnissen. Die Ursache hierfür könnte in der Auswahl der
Messregionen (unterschiedliche Segmente und Gefäßabschnitte der
Karotisarterie, sondennahe/sondenferne Gefäßwand), in der
unterschiedlichen Interpretation der Grenzflächenechos des
Intima-Madia-Komplexes oder in der unterschiedlichen Beziehung zwischen
sonographischen und anatomischen Gefäßwandstrukturen der sondennahen
und -fernen Arterienwand begründet sein. Messungen der IMD an der
sondennahen Karotiswand erfassen nur Teile der Media zusammen mit einer von
Ultraschallartefakten beeinflussten Intimaschicht und nicht den totalen
Intima-Media-Komplex. Es gibt zwei verschiedene Verfahren zur IMD-Messung: 1)
mehrfache manuelle Messungen in unterschiedlichen Segmenten der Karotisarterien
an der sondennahen und der sondenfernen Gefäßwand und 2)
automatische, computerunterstützte Messungen, welche an der sondenfernen
Gefäßwand der distalen Arteria carotis communis vorgenommen werden.
Bei der manuellen Messtechnik liegen die Intra- und
Interbeobachtervariabilitäten bei 0,09 bis 0,13 mm und 0,12 und
0,18 mm (absolute Differenzen zwischen den Messwerten). Die
Reproduzierbarkeit ist am besten, wenn die manuellen IMD-Messungen an der
sondenfernen Wand der A. carotis communis in einer Entfernung von 1 cm
vom Bulbus und an geraden parallelen Wandechos, die keine lokale Verdickung
aufweisen, durchgeführt wird. Die Variabilität ist außerdem bei
der automatischen Methode geringer als beim manuellen Ausmessen der IMD.
IMD-Werte der A. carotis communis sind altersabhängig. Im jüngeren
Lebensalter (20- bis 30-jährige Personen) liegt die IMD im Durchschnitt
bei 0,5 mm, während sie bei älteren Personen (60- bis
70-jährige) durchschnittlich 0,9 mm beträgt. Darüber
hinaus korreliert die IMD der Karotiden mit anderen Risikofaktoren wie
z. B. dem systolischen Blutdruck, den Serumlipiden und dem Rauchen.
Außerdem besteht bei Männern und Frauen eine positive Beziehung
zwischen IMD der Karotiden und der Existenz sowie dem Ausmaß der
koronaren Herzkrankheit. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass in großen klinischen
Studien eine Korrelation zwischen IMD und kardiovaskulären Ereignissen wie
z. B. Herzinfarkt und Schlaganfall gefunden wurde, hat die FDA den
zweidimensionalen Ultraschall als valide Technik in klinischen
Arteriosklerosestudien anerkannt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich durch die
Verabreichung verschiedener blutdruck- und lipidsenkender Medikamente die
Regression oder eine verlangsamte Progression von Verdickungen der
Intima-Media-Schicht der Karotiden erzielen lässt. In Ergänzung zu
IMD-Messungen der Karotiden als prädiktiver Faktor zukünftiger
kardiovaskulärer Ereignisse steigt dieses Risiko drastisch im Falle der
Existenz von Plaques im Bereich der Karotiden an. Im klinischen Alltag sollte
daher aus Sicht der Autoren dieser Arbeit die hochauflösende
Duplexsonographie sowohl zur Untersuchung der IMD der A. carotis communis als
auch zur Erfassung von Plaques und Stenosen eingesetzt werden. Zusammenfassend
kann gesagt werden, dass sich die hochauflösende Duplexsonographie zur
Erfassung, Quantifizierung und Verlaufsbeobachtung von strukturellen
Veränderungen der Arterienwand eignet. Die Empfindlichkeit dieser Methode
ist ausreichend für den Einsatz in klinischen Studien, die sich mit der
Progression und der Regression früher arteriosklerotischer
Veränderungen in den extrakraniellen Karotisarterien befassen.
Darüber hinaus kann die IMD der A. carotis als therapeutischer Endpunkt
verwandt werden.
Abstract
An early sign of atherosclerosis is hypertrophy of the arterial
wall. Increased intima-media thickness (IMT) is a non-invasive marker of
arterial wall alteration, which can easily be assessed in the carotid arteries
by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. There are important differences in B-mode
measurements of carotid IMT between laboratories. These might concern on IMT
image acquisition (in relation to the segment and/or the wall of measure) as
well as determination of the echo boundary defining the IMT interfaces and the
difference in relationship between anatomic and sonographic structures of the
near and far arterial wall. Measurements derived from the near wall reflect
thickness of a part of media and intima influenced by sonographic artefacts,
rather than that of the total intima-media complex. Two main approaches are
used for measuring IMT: 1) manual measurement at multiple extracranial carotid
sites in near and far walls, and 2) automated computerized measurement,
restricted to the far wall of the distal common carotid artery. Intra- and
inter-observer variabilities have been found to vary in manual measurements
between 0.09 to 0.13 mm and 0.12 to 0.18 mm (absolute
differences). The best reproducibility of manual IMT-measurements is found at
the far wall of the common carotid artery 1 cm from the bulb in the site
of two parallel wall contures without local thickening. For automated
measurements lower intra- and inter-observer variabilities have been reported.
IMT of the common carotid artery is strongly influenced by age. For younger age
groups (20 to 30 years) mean IMT values of 0.5 mm have been reported,
while IMT values of 0.9 mm have been found for older subjects (60 to 70
years). Carotid IMT correlates with other risk factors such as systolic blood
pressure, serum lipids and smoking, as well as being positively linked to the
presence and extend of coronary artery disease in both women and men. The
demonstration of a correlation between IMT and cardiovascular events such as
stroke and myocardal infarction in clinical studies of atherosclerosis
progression and cardiovascular outcomes have led to FDA accepting 2D ultrasound
as a valid technique in clinical studies of atherosclerosis. Regression or
slowing of progression of increased carotid IMT by various antihypertensive and
lipid-lowering drugs agents have been reported. In addition to carotid IMT
measurement as a predictive value of future vascular events the presence of
plaques or stenosis in the carotid artery tree increases drastically the risk
for cardiovascular events. Therefore the authors of this article propose the
use of high resolution Duplex-Sonography for the assessment IMT of the common
carotid artery as well as the detection of plaques and stenosis in clinical
practice. In conclusion, high-resolution Duplex-sonography seems promising for
the detection, quantification and serial investigations of structural
alterations of the arterial wall. The method is sensitive enough to be applied
in clinical studies of the progression and regression of early preintrusive
atherosclerotic lesions in extracranial carotid arteries. Moreover IMT of the
common carotid artery can be used as a therapeutic endpoint.
Schlüsselwörter
Intima-Media-Dicke - Nicht-invasive Techniken - B-mode - Arterienwand - Arteriosklerose
Key words
Intima-media thickness - non-invasive techniques - B-mode imaging - arterial wall - atherosclerosis
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Prof. Dr. M. Ludwig
Medizinische Universitäts-Poliklinik Bonn
Wilhelmstr. 35 - 37 · 53111 Bonn