Zusammenfassung
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung des gegenwärtigen wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisstandes in der Erforschung von möglichen Gesundheitsrisiken durch hochfrequente Strahlung bei Strahlenbelastungen, denen die Bevölkerung typischerweise im täglichen Leben ausgesetzt ist. Grundlage bilden experimentelle Studien an Menschen sowie epidemiologische Untersuchungen, die Effekte von Strahlungsemittenten im hochfrequenten Bereich (ca. 100 kHz bis 10 GHz) untersuchten. Die relevanten Studien wurden mittels systematischer Literaturrecherche in den Datenbanken Medline und ISI Web of Science eruiert. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass für eine abschließende Beurteilung der Gesundheitsgefährdung im Niedrigdosisbereich die wissenschaftliche Datenlage zurzeit unbefriedigend ist. Langzeitstudien an Menschen in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung gibt es nur wenige. Entsprechend wenig kann über langfristige Gesundheitsrisiken ausgesagt werden. Es gibt einzelne Hinweise, dass Tumoren des Blut bildenden und lymphatischen Systems in der Umgebung von TV- und Radiosendern häufiger als erwartet auftreten. Die entsprechenden Studien sind jedoch widersprüchlich und weisen methodische Schwächen auf. Untersuchungen zum Hirntumorrisiko von Mobiltelefonbenutzern fanden bisher kein erhöhtes Risiko. Dabei ist jedoch zu berücksichtigen, dass die durchschnittliche Mobiltelefonbenutzung in den untersuchten Kollektiven kürzer als die Latenzzeit von Hirntumoren war. Deshalb und aufgrund von Hinweisen in einigen Studien kann eine Assoziation zwischen langjährigem Mobiltelefongebrauch und einem erhöhten Hirntumorrisiko zurzeit nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Experimentelle Studien belegen unmittelbare Wirkungen der Hochfrequenzstrahlung, die nicht mit einem konventionellen Erwärmungsansatz erklärt werden können. Diese unmittelbaren Wirkungen liegen im Schwankungsbereich von normalen Werten und es ist schwierig, sie im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Gesundheitsgefährdung zu interpretieren. Sie zeigen jedoch, dass es noch andere biologische Wirkungsmechanismen gibt als die etablierten thermischen Wirkungen. Da die bisherigen, noch lückenhaften wissenschaftlichen Studien eine gesundheitliche Unbedenklichkeit weder ausschließen noch positiv belegen, ist für jeden Einzelnen als auch für die Bevölkerung als Ganzes ein vorsorgeorientierter Ansatz im Umgang mit nichtionisierender Strahlung zu empfehlen.
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of present scientific knowledge in health research on the effects from radio and microwave frequency radiation, at levels to which the general population is typically exposed. The review is based on human experimental and epidemiological studies investigating the effects of radiation in the frequency range between 100 kHz and 10 GHz. The relevant studies were identified via systematic searches of the databases Medline and ISI Web of Science. The review concludes that the existing scientific knowledge base is too limited to draw final conclusions on the health risk from exposure in the low-dose range. Only few studies have investigated the effect of long-term exposure on the general population in the normal environment. Accordingly, little can be predicted regarding long-term health risks. Various studies observed an increased risk for tumours in the hematopoietic and lymphatic tissue of people living in the proximity of TV and radio broadcast transmitters. However, methodological limitations to these studies have been identified and their findings are controversial. In studies of a possible association between brain tumours and mobile phone use, the average period mobile phones use was short compared to the known latency period of brain tumours. Although these studies did not establish an overall increased risk of brain tumours associated with mobile phone use, there were some indications of an association. Immediate effects associated with mobile phone use have been observed in human experimental studies that cannot be explained by conventional thermal mechanisms. The observed effects are within the normal physiological range and are therefore hard to interpret with respect to an increased risk to health. However, it can be concluded that mechanisms other than the established thermal mechanisms exist. Because of the present fragmentary scientific database, a precautionary approach when dealing with radio and microwave frequency radiation is recommended for the individual and the general population.
Schlüsselwörter
Mobilfunkstrahlung - nichtionisierende Strahlung - hochfrequente Strahlung - Tumoren - Gesundheitsstörung
Key words
Mobile phone radiation - non ionising radiation - radio and microwave frequency radiation - tumours - symptoms of ill health
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1 Die Macht bzw. Power (P) berechnet sich aus 1 minus dem Fehler der 2. Art (β): P = 1-β.
Martin Röösli
Institut für Sozial- und Präventivmedizin der Universität Basel
Steinengraben 49
CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
Email: Roeoesli@ispm.unibe.ch
