Zusammenfassung
Das Auftreten therapiebedürftiger rheumatischer Systemerkrankungen bei Patientinnen
im gebärfähigen Alter ist keine Seltenheit. Die medikamentöse Therapie dieser Erkrankungen
in der Schwangerschaft steht jedoch im Spannungsfeld zwischen potenziellen schädigenden
Einflüssen vieler der in der Rheumatologie verwendeten Substanzen einerseits und andererseits
der Notwendigkeit, schwere Krankheitsmanifestationen auch in der Schwangerschaft intensiv
zu behandeln. Dabei gestaltet sich die Bekämpfung leichterer Symptome am unproblematischsten:
Paracetamol bei mäßiger, Low-dose-Kortikoide bei ausgeprägterer Symptomatik stehen
hier als komplikationsarme Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Bei nicht ausreichendem Ansprechen
können im 1. und 2. Trimenon zusätzlich NSAR - vorzugsweise mit kurzer Halbwertszeit
- verwendet werden. Auf Basistherapeutika und Immunsuppressiva sollte nach Möglichkeit
in der Schwangerschaft verzichtet werden. Wenn die hohe Aktivität der Erkrankung dies
nicht zulässt, so kommt im Fall der rheumatoiden Arthritis erstrangig Sulfasalazin,
bei Therapieversagen oder bedrohlichen Komplikationen neben höheren Kortikoid-Dosen
Azathioprin, Cyclosporin A und mit Abstrichen parenterales Gold infrage. Bei Kollagenosen
wie dem SLE steht neben höheren Kortikoid-Dosen und Azathioprin bei niedrigerer Aktivität
auch Hydroxychloroquin zur Verfügung. Unter den in der Rheumatologie meistverwendeten
Substanzen ist Methotrexat u. a. aufgrund seines teratogenen Potenzials strikt kontraindiziert.
Neuere Therapieoptionen wie Coxibe, Leflunomid oder Zytokin-Hemmstoffe sollten vorerst
aufgrund zu geringer Erfahrungen in der Schwangerschaft ebenfalls nicht verwendet
werden.
Abstract
Many rheumatic diseases can affect women of childbearing age and many of these diseases
require drug treatment. Treatment options depend on factors like the severity of disease
and individual risks of each agent. Acetaminophen and Iow-dose corticoisteroids are
drugs of choice that can be used safely for symptomatic treatment, in addition nonsteroidal
antirheumatic drugs may be used if necessary (excluding the last trimenon of pregnancy).
If disease activity requires the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (or
continuation of DMARD treatment) sulfasalazine for RA and hydroxychloroquine for SLE
may be continued. In case of higher disease activity or severe systemic disease the
use of higher doses of corticosteroids, azathioprine or cyclosporin might be considered.
Methotrexate and cyclophosphamide are contraindicated during pregnancy due to their
teratogenic potential. As well more recent treatment options like COX-2 inhibitors,
leflunomide and biologicals are contraindicated because the effects of treatment during
pregnancy are still unknown.
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Prof. Dr. Klaus Krüger
Rheumazentrum München/Praxiszentrum St. Bonifatius
St.-Bonifatius-Straße 5
81541 München
Email: klaus.krueger@medinn.med.uni-muenchen.de