Abstract
Failed attempts and successes in searching for an atom-economical
and efficient synthesis of chiral ynamides are described in this
account. These events are illustrated in chronological order, and
comparisons are made along the way to reflect other elegant methods
known for preparations of ynamides and other electron deficient
ynamines. The purpose of this account is to facilitate and revitalize
interest in the chemistry of ynamines within the synthetic community.
1 Introduction
2 Failed Attempts in Achieving Direct Approaches
2.1 Palladium Catalyzed Cross-Coupling
2.2 Alkynyl Iodonium Salts
2.3 Base-Promoted Isomerization
3 Elimination Protocols
3.1 Lithium-Halogen Exchange
3.2 The Viehe Sequence
4 The Isomerization Protocol with Limitations
5 A Cu-Salt Catalyzed Cross-Coupling
6 Summary
7 Outlook
Key words
Ynamines - electron deficient ynamines - ynamides - base-promoted isomerization of propargyl amides - copper
catalyzed cross-couplings of amides - alkynyl halides
References
For the first report see:
1a
Bode J.
Annals
1892,
267:
268
1b
Bode J.
Annals
1892,
267:
286
1c For a correction of this
claim see: Klages F.
Drerup E.
Annals
1941,
547:
65
2a
Viehe HG.
Angew Chem., Int. Ed.
Engl.
1963,
2:
477
2b
Wolf V.
Kowitz F.
Annals
1960,
638:
33
2c
Zaugg HE.
Swett LR.
Stone GR.
J. Org. Chem.
1958,
23:
1389
3a
Viehe HG.
Angew Chem., Int. Ed.
Engl.
1967,
6:
767
3b
Viehe HG.
Chemistry of Acetylenes
Marcel
Dekker;
New York:
1969.
Chap. 12.
p.861-912
4
Ficini J.
Tetrahedron
1976,
32:
1448
5a
Pitacco G.
Valentin E.
Enamines
and Ynamines In Chemistry of Functional Groups
Wiley;
Chichester:
1979.
Chap.
15.
p.623-714
5b
Collard-Motte J.
Janousek Z.
Top. Curr. Chem.
1985,
130:
89
6 For ynol ethers: Stang PJ.
Zhdankin VV.
Ynol
Ethers and Esters in the Chemistry of Triple-Bonded Functional Groups
Supplement
C2 Vol. 2:
Patai S.
John
Wiley & Sons Ltd.;
Chichester:
1994.
Chap.
19.
p.1135-1164
7
Himbert G. In Houben-Weyl,
Methoden der Organischen Chemie
Kropf H.
Schaumann E.
Georg Thieme Verlag;
Stuttgart:
1993.
p.3267-3443
8
Hsung RP.
Zificsak CA.
Mulder JA.
Rameshkumar C.
Wei L.-L.
Tetrahedron
2001,
57:
7575
9 The unfortunate and premature loss
of Professor J. Ficini is one critical reason for lack of advancement
in the field.
10 No real attempt is being made in this
account to truly distinguish or classify various different electron
deficient ynamines 1 -9 in Figure
[2 ]
,
however, for certain level of structural clarity and convenience
we have regarded compounds 1 -5 as electron deficient ynamines whereas compounds 6 -9 in
which the nitrogen atom is directly attached to an electron-withdrawing
carbonyl or sulfonyl group as ynamides.
11a
Janousek Z.
Collard J.
Viehe HG.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.
Engl.
1972,
11:
917
11b
Goffin E.
Legrand Y.
Viehe HG.
J.
Chem. Res., Synop.
1977,
105
12
Schottelius MJ.
Chen P.
Helv. Chim. Acta
1998,
81:
2341
13a
Rainier JD.
Imbriglio JE.
J. Org. Chem.
2000,
65:
7272
13b
Rainier JD.
Imbriglio JE.
Org.
Lett.
1999,
1:
2037
14a
Witulski B.
Stengel T.
Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed.
1998,
37:
489
14b
Witulski B.
Gößmann M.
Synlett
2000,
1793
15 For intramolecular [2+2+1] cycloaddition
see: Witulski B.
Gößmann M.
Chem. Commun.
1999,
1879
16a
Witulski B.
Stengel T.
Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed.
1998,
38:
2426
16b
Witulski B.
Stengel T.
Fernàndez-Hernàndez JM.
Chem. Commun.
2000,
1965
16c
Witulski B.
Alayrac C.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2002,
41:
3281
17
Witulski B.
Buschmann N.
Bergsträßer U.
Tetrahedron
2000,
56:
8473
18
Hoffmann RW.
Brückner D.
New J. Chem.
2001,
25:
369
19
Saito N.
Sato Y.
Mori M.
Org.
Lett.
2002,
4:
803
20
Huang J.
Xiong H.
Hsung RP.
Rameshkumar C.
Mulder JA.
Grebe TP.
Org. Lett.
2002,
4:
2417
21
Mulder JA.
Hsung RP.
Frederick MO.
Tracey MR.
Zificsak CA.
Org. Lett.
2002,
4:
1383
22
Hsung RP.
Zificsak C.
Wei L.-L.
Douglas CJ.
Xiong H.
Mulder J.
Org. Lett.
1999,
1:
1237
23
Witulski B.
Lumtscher J.
Bergsträßer U.
Synlett
2003,
708
24a
Minière S.
Cintrat J.-C.
Synthesis
2001,
705
24b
Minière S.
Cintrat J.-C.
J. Org.
Chem.
2001,
66:
7385
24c
Timbert J.-C.
Cintrat J.-C.
Chem.-Eur. J.
2002,
8:
1637
24d Personal communication
with Professor J.-C. Cintrat. Their manuscript has been submitted.
25
Tanaka R.
Hirano S.
Urabe H.
Sato F.
Org. Lett.
2003,
5:
67
The only account using chiral ynamines
before 1997, see:
26a
van Elburg PA.
Honig GWN.
Reinhoudt DN.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1987,
28:
6397
26b For the recent two accounts
of chemistry of chiral ynamines see: Balsells J.
Vázquez J.
Moyano A.
Pericàs MA.
Riera A.
J. Org. Chem.
2000,
65:
7291
26c See also: Roth G.
Reindl D.
Gockel M.
Troll C.
Fischer H.
Organometallics
1998,
17:
1393
26d
Fischer H.
Podschadly O.
Roth G.
Herminghaus S.
Klewitz S.
Heck J.
Houbrechts S.
Meyer T.
J. Organomet. Chem.
1997,
541:
321
27 For the only intramolecular reaction
using ynamine see: Genet JP.
Kahn P.
Ficini J.
Tetrahedron
Lett.
1980,
21:
1521
For reviews on palladium catalyzed N -arylations of amines and amides see:
28a
Hartwig JF.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
1998,
37:
2046
28b
Wolfe JP.
Wagaw S.
Marcoux J.-F.
Buchwald SL.
Acc.
Chem. Res.
1998,
31:
805
28c For an earlier account
see: Kosugi M.
Kameyama M.
Migita T.
Chem. Lett.
1983,
927
From Buchwald’s lab see:
29a
Wolfe JP.
Tomori H.
Sadighi JP.
Yin J.
Buchwald SL.
J. Org. Chem.
2000,
65:
1158 ; and references therein
29b
Yin J.
Buchwald SL.
Org. Lett.
2000,
2:
1101
29c
Yin J.
Buchwald SL.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2002,
124:
6043
From Hartwig’s lab see:
30a
Hamann BC.
Hartwig JF.
J. Am.
Chem. Soc.
1998,
120:
3694
30b
Mann G.
Hartwig JF.
Driver MS.
Fernández-Rivas C.
J.
Am. Chem. Soc.
1998,
120:
827
30c
Hartwig JF.
Kawatsura M.
Hauck SI.
Shaughnessy KH.
Alcazar-Roman LM.
J. Org. Chem.
1999,
64:
5575
Recent examples:
31a
Cacchi S.
Fabrizi G.
Goggiamani A.
Zappia G.
Org. Lett.
2001,
3:
2539
31b
Artamkina GA.
Sergeev AG.
Beletskaya IP.
Tetrahedron Lett.
2001,
42:
4381
31c
Edmondson SD.
Mastracchio A.
Parmee ER.
Org. Lett.
2000,
2:
1109
31d
Bolm C.
Hildebrand J.
J. Org. Chem.
2000,
65:
169
32a
Murch P.
Williamson BL.
Stang PJ.
Synthesis
1994,
1255
32b
Zhdankin VV.
Stang PJ.
Tetrahedron
1998,
54:
10927
33a
Kitamura T.
Tashi N.
Tsuda K.
Fujiwara Y.
Tetrahedron
Lett.
1998,
39:
3787
33b
Kitamura T.
Tashi N.
Tsuda K.
Chen H.
Fujiwara Y.
Heterocycles
2000,
52:
303
34
Feldman KS.
Bruendl MM.
Schildknegt K.
Bohnstedt AC.
J. Org. Chem.
1996,
61:
5440
35a
Balsamo A.
Macchia B.
Macchia F.
Rossello A.
Domiano P.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1985,
26:
4141
35b For a much earlier account
of such copper[II] acetate/O2 catalyzed Csp -N
bond formation in synthesis of ynamines see: Petersen LI.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1968,
9:
5357
36
Zaugg HE.
Swett LR.
Stone GR.
J.
Org. Chem.
1958,
23:
1389
37a
Galy JP.
Elguero J.
Vincent EJ.
Galy AM.
Barbe J.
Synthesis
1979,
944
37b
Mahamoud A.
Galy JP.
Vincent EJ.
Barbe J.
Synthesis
1981,
917
37c
Radl S.
Kovarova L.
Holubeck J.
Coll.
Czech. Chem. Commun.
1991,
56:
439
37d
Radl S.
Kovarova L.
Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun.
1991,
56:
2413
38
Katritzky AR.
Ramer WH.
J. Org. Chem.
1985,
50:
852
39
Majumdar KC.
Ghosh SK.
Synth. Commun.
1994,
24:
217
40
Wei L.-L.
Xiong H.
Douglas CJ.
Hsung RP.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1999,
40:
6903
41
Wei L.-L.
Mulder JA.
Xiong H.
Zificsak CA.
Douglas CJ.
Hsung RP.
Tetrahedron
2001,
57:
459
42 For a review see: Saalfrank RW.
Lurz CJ. In Houben-Weyl,
Methoden Der Organischen Chemie
Kropf H.
Schaumann E.
Georg Thieme
Verlag;
Stuttgart:
1993.
p.3093
43a
Rameshkumar C.
Xiong H.
Tracey MR.
Berry CR.
Yao LJ.
Hsung RP.
J. Org. Chem.
2002,
67:
1339
43b
Xiong H.
Hsung RP.
Berry CR.
Rameshkumar C.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2001,
123:
7174
43c
Xiong H.
Hsung RP.
Wei L.-L.
Berry CR.
Mulder JA.
Stockwell B.
Org. Lett.
2000,
2:
2869
43d
Wei L.-L.
Hsung RP.
Xiong H.
Mulder JA.
Nkansah NT.
Org. Lett.
1999,
1:
2145
44
Joshi RV.
Xu Z.-Q.
Ksebati MB.
Kessel D.
Corbett TH.
Drach JC.
Zemlicka J.
J.
Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1
1994,
1089
45
Brückner D.
Synlett
2000,
1402
46
Bloxham J.
Dell CP.
J. Chem. Soc. Perkin
Trans. 1
1993,
3055
47a
Claisen L.
Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges.
1912,
45:
3157
47b For other major variations
see: Carroll MF.
J. Chem. Soc.
1940,
704
47c See also: Wick AE.
Felix D.
Steen K.
Eschenmoser A.
Helv.
Chim. Acta
1964,
47:
2425
47d See also: Johnson WS.
Werthemann L.
Bartlett WR.
Brocksom TJ.
Li T.-T.
Faulkner DJ.
Petersen MR.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1970,
92:
741
47e See also: Ireland RE.
Mueller RH.
J.
Am. Chem. Soc.
1972,
94:
5897
48a
Wipf P. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis
Vol.
5:
Trost BM.
Fleming I.
Pergamon Press;
Oxford:
1991.
p.827
48b
Frauenrath H. In Houben-Weyl,
Methoden Der Organischen Chemie
Kropf H.
Schaumann E.
Georg Thieme
Verlag;
Stuttgart:
1995.
p.3301
48c
Hill RK. In Asymmetric Synthesis
Morrison JD.
Academic Press;
New
York:
1984.
48d
Gajewski JJ.
Hydrocarbon Thermal Isomerizations
Academic
Press;
New York:
1981.
Also see:
49a
Ito H.
Taguchi T.
Chem. Soc. Rev.
1999,
28:
43
49b
Enders D.
Knopp M.
Schiffers R.
Tetrahedron: Asymmetry
1996,
7:
1847
49c
Blechert S.
Synthesis
1989,
71
49d
Kallmerten J.
Wittman MD.
Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem.
1989,
3:
233
49e
Ziegler FE.
Chem. Rev.
1988,
88:
1423
49f
Murray AW.
Org. React. Mech.
1987,
457
49g
Murray AW.
Org. React. Mech.
1986,
429
49h
Moody CJ.
Adv. Heterocycl. Chem.
1987,
42:
203
49i
Barlett PA.
Tetrahedron
1980,
36:
3
49j
Lutz RP.
Chem. Rev.
1984,
84:
205
49k
Rhoads SJ.
Raulins NR.
Org.
React.
1975,
1
50a
Ficini J.
Lumbroso-Bader N.
Pouliquen J.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1968,
9:
4139
50b
Ficini J.
Barbara C.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1966,
7:
6425
50c
Nakai T.
Setoi H.
Kageyama Y.
Tetrahedron
Lett.
1981,
22:
4097
For recent reviews on metathesis
see:
51a
Grubbs RH.
Miller SJ.
Fu GC.
Acc. Chem. Res.
1995,
28:
446
51b
Shrock RR.
Tetrahedron
1999,
55:
8141
51c
Fürstner A.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2000,
39:
3012
51d
Trnka TM.
Grubbs RH.
Acc.
Chem. Res.
2001,
34:
18
51e
Hoveyda AH.
Schrock RR.
Chem.-Eur.
J.
2001,
7:
945
For reviews on enyne RCM see:
52a
Mori M. In
Topics in Organometallic Chemistry
Vol.
1:
Fürstner A.
Springer-Verlag;
Berlin
Heidelberg:
1998.
p.133
52b
Mori M.
J.
Synth. Org. Chem. Jpn.
1998,
56:
115
For recent applications of enyne
metathesis see:
53a
Clark JS.
Hamelin O.
Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed.
2000,
39:
372
53b
Fürstner A.
Szillat H.
Stelzer F.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2000,
122:
6785
53c
Stragies R.
Voigtmann U.
Blechert S.
Tetrahedron
Lett.
2000,
41:
5465
53d
Fürstner A.
Ackermann L.
Gabor B.
Goddard R.
Lehmann CW.
Mynott R.
Stelzer F.
Thiel OR.
Chem.-Eur.
J.
2001,
7:
3236
53e
Kitamura T.
Mori M.
Org. Lett.
2001,
3:
1161
53f
Mori M.
Kitamura T.
Sato Y.
Synthesis
2001,
654
54
Hoye TR.
Donaldson SM.
Vos TJ.
Org. Lett.
1999,
1:
277
For silyl ynol ethers see:
55a
Schramm MP.
Reddy DS.
Kozmin SA.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2001,
40:
4274
55b For an earlier account
on sugar substituted alkynol ethers see: Clark JS.
Hamelin O.
Angew Chem.
Int. Ed.
2000,
39:
372
55c For phosphonamides see: Timmer MSM.
Ovaa H.
Filippov DV.
Van der Marel GA.
Van Boom JH.
Tetrahedron
Lett.
2001,
42:
8231
For some earlier work see:
56a
Weskamp T.
Schattenmann WC.
Spiegler M.
Herrmann WA.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
1998,
37:
2490
56b
Herrmann WA.
Köcher C.
Angew.
Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1997,
36:
2162
57a
Huang J.
Stevens ED.
Nolan SP.
Petersen JL.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1999,
121:
2674 ; and references cited therein
57b
Huang J.
Schanz H.-J.
Stevens ED.
Nolan SP.
Organometallics
1999,
18:
2370
58
Scholl M.
Ding S.
Lee CW.
Grubbs RH.
Org. Lett.
1999,
1:
953
For other methods for syntheses
of ynamides see:
59a ref. 8
59b
Fromont C.
Masson S.
Tetrahedron
1999,
55:
5405
59c
Novikov MS.
Khlebnikov AF.
Kostikov RR.
Russ. J. Org. Chem.
1991,
27:
1576
59d
Tikhomirov DA.
Eremeev AV.
Chem.
Heterocycl. Comp.
1987,
23:
1141
For a review on copper mediated
C-N and C-O bond formation see:
60a
Lindley J.
Tetrahedron
1984,
40:
1433
60b
Goldberg I.
Ber.
Dtsch. Chem. Ges.
1906,
39:
1691
(c Yamamoto T.
Kurata Y.
Can.
J. Chem.
1983,
61:
86
60d
Yamamoto T.
Ehara Y.
Kubota M.
Yamamoto A.
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.
1980,
53:
1299
60e
Yamamoto T.
Synth.
Commun.
1979,
9:
219
Key papers from Buchwald’s
group:
61a
Klapper A.
Huang X.
Buchwald SL.
J.
Am. Chem. Soc.
2002,
124:
7421
61b
Klapars A.
Antilla JC.
Huang X.
Buchwald SL.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2001,
123:
7727
61c
Kwong FY.
Klapars A.
Buchwald SL.
Org. Lett.
2002,
4:
581
For recent references of copper
catalyzed N-arylations of amides and enamides:
62a
Shen R.
Porco JA.
Org. Lett.
2002,
2:
1333
62b
Yamada K.
Kubo T.
Tokuyama H.
Fukuyama T.
Synlett
2002,
231
62c
Lam PYS.
Deudon S.
Averill KM.
Li R.
He MY.
DeShong P.
Clark CG.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2000,
122:
7600
63
Frederick MO.
Mulder JA.
Tracey MR.
Hsung RP.
Huang J.
Kurtz KCM.
Shen L.
Douglas CJ.
J.
Am. Chem. Soc.
2003,
125:
2368