Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung: Ziel der Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über die Forschung zur subjektiven Stigmatisierung psychisch Kranker zu geben. Methode: Es wurden alle Arbeiten ausgewertet, die seit Mitte der 80er-Jahre zu diesem Thema veröffentlicht wurden. Ergebnisse: Psychisch Kranke sehen sich in vielfältiger Weise Stigmatisierungen ausgesetzt, wobei zwischen von ihnen antizipierten aversen Reaktionen seitens ihrer Umwelt und tatsächlich erfahrenen Diskriminierungen unterschieden werden muss. Im Umgang mit dem Stigma der Krankheit bevorzugen sie defensive Strategien. Die von den Kranken erwarteten und konkret erfahrenen Stigmatisierungen sowie die von ihnen gewählten Bewältigungsversuche haben fatale Auswirkungen auf ihre sozialen Beziehungen, ihre Arbeitssituation und ihre Lebensqualität. Gleiches gilt für die subjektive Befindlichkeit und das Selbstwertgefühl der Kranken. Die Furcht vor Stigmatisierung wirkt sich negativ auf das Hilfesuchverhalten und die Compliance der Kranken mit der psychiatrischen Behandlung aus. Schlussfolgerung: Bemühungen um eine Reduzierung der Stigmatisierung psychisch Kranker sollten sich nicht darauf beschränken, objektiv bestehende Diskriminierungen zu bekämpfen, sondern sollten auch das subjektive Stigmaerleben der Betroffenen im Auge haben.
Abstract
Question: This study provides an overview of the research on subjective stigmatization of mentally ill people. Method: All articles on this topic that have been published since the mid 1980 were analyzed. Results: Mentally ill people are exposed to stigmatization in many ways. The anticipated and experienced stigmatizations as well as their attempts chosen for coping have fatal effects on their social relationships, their working situation, and their quality of life. The same is true for the emotional well-being and the self-esteem of the ill. In addition, the fear of stigmatization has a negative effect on the help seeking behavior and the compliance of the ill with the psychiatric treatment. Conclusion: Efforts aimed at reducing stigmatization of mentally ill people should not be confined to fighting the discrimination objectively existing, but should also take into consideration the subjective stigma experiences of the persons affected.
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Prof. Dr. Matthias C. Angermeyer
Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie · Universität Leipzig
Johannisallee 20
04317 Leipzig
eMail: krausem@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
