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DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-43567
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Bedeutung persistenter Organochlorverbindungen in der Pathogenese des Mammakarzinoms
Persistent Organochlorine Compounds and their Role for the Carcinogenesis of Breast CancerPublication History
Eingang Manuskript: 13. Juni 2003
Eingang revidiertes Manuskript: 11. September 2003
Akzeptiert: 22. September 2003
Publication Date:
07 July 2004 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Seit vielen Jahren wird die Bedeutung persistenter Organochlorverbindungen in der Brustkrebsgenese kontrovers diskutiert. Diese Substanzen, die in der Vergangenheit intensiv als Biozide oder technische Hilfsstoffe genutzt und in die Umwelt eingebracht wurden, zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Lipophilie aus, so dass sie in der Nahrungskette akkumulieren und teils jahrzehntelang im menschlichen Körper persistieren. Der Verdacht, dass die chlororganischen Verbindungen an der Entstehung maligner Erkrankungen, insbesondere des Mammakarzinoms, beteiligt sein könnten, begründet sich in ihren komplexen toxikologischen Eigenschaften. Vor allem das Potenzial, in östrogenrezeptorvermittelte und andere endokrine Reaktionen einzugreifen, lässt an eine mögliche Assoziation mit der Brustkrebserkrankung denken. Aber auch die Induktion mikrosomaler Enzymsysteme mit konsekutiver Entstehung genotoxischer Metaboliten sowie die Aktivierung des HER2-Protoonkogen-Produktproteins, der c-Neu-Tyrosinkinase, könnten einen möglichen Pathomechanismus darstellen. Zahlreiche epidemiologische Studien haben den Zusammenhang zwischen einer Organochlorbelastung und dem Auftreten eines Mammakarzinoms untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sind uneinheitlich, wobei quantitativ diejenigen Studien überwiegen, die keine positive Assoziation feststellen konnten. Aufgrund des häufig verwendeten retrospektiven Studiendesigns, der Auswahl des Kontrollkollektivs sowie großer Variation in Art und Anzahl der untersuchten Verbindungen und der Nachweismethoden wird die Validität einiger Studien angezweifelt. Unterschiedliche genetisch begründete interindividuelle Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Organochlorverbindungen, synergistische Interaktionen der Substanzen untereinander und Hinweise auf eine Assoziation mit einer erhöhten Tumoraggressivität lassen die Thematik äußerst komplex erscheinen. Daher ist in Anbetracht des aktuellen Kenntnisstandes eine mögliche Beteiligung chlororganischer Verbindungen in der Brustkrebsgenese nicht sicher auszuschließen.
Abstract
The role of persistent organochlorine compounds in the development of breast cancer is controversially discussed. Used as biocides or technical adjuvants for miscellaneous applications, organochlorines have been released into the environment for years. Due to their highly lipophilic properties, they have been able to accumulate in the food chain leading to a long lasting presence in human tissues. The evidence that organochlorines might be involved in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer is based on their complex toxicologic properties: organochlorines are able to influence estrogen-mediated and other endocrine processes; they induce microsomal enzyme systems with consecutive formation of genotoxic metabolites and activate the Her2-protooncogene product, c-neu tyrosine kinase.
Several epidemiological studies have investigated the correlation between organochlorine exposure and the incidence of breast cancer. Although the majority of authors did not detect a positive correlation, the results remain inconclusive. Due to the common retrospective study design as well as the selection of the control population, the validity of some studies is questionable; due to the wide variation of tested compounds, many studies are hard to compare. In addition, genetically determined and individually varying sensitivity to organochlorines, synergistic interactions of several compounds, and evidence for the association of organochlorine exposure with poor prognosis in case of malignant transformation complicate the interpretation of many results. However, considering the available data, the involvement of organochlorine compounds in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer can not be excluded and therefore needs further investigation.
Schlüsselwörter
Organochlorverbindungen - polychlorierte Biphenyle - Mammakarzinom
Key words
Organochlorine compounds - polychlorinated biphenyls - breast cancer
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Maret Bauer
Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
Michaelisstraße 16
24105 Kiel
Email: mbauer@email.uni-kiel.de