Zusammenfassung
Unter Fibromyalgie versteht man heute üblicherweise ein multilokuläres chronisches Schmerzsyndrom unklarer Ätiopathogenese. In den letzten Jahren weisen immer mehr wissenschaftliche Studienergebnisse darauf hin, dass psychosozialen Stressoren eine zentrale pathogenetische Bedeutung zukommt. Ausgehend von der Funktion und der Entwicklung des Stressverarbeitungssystems wird der gegenwärtige Wissenstand seiner Wechselwirkung mit dem zentralen Schmerzverarbeitungssystem zusammengefasst. Frühe Stresserfahrungen können Ausreifung und spätere Funktion des Stresssystems lebenslang erheblich beeinträchtigen. Auf diesem Hintergrund wird dann der gegenwärtige Forschungsstand zur Bedeutung von Stress für die Ätiopathogenese der Fibromyalgie zusammengefasst. Sowohl psychologische als auch psychobiologische Konsequenzen werden dargestellt. Schließlich wird ein integratives biopsychosoziales Pathogenesemodell entwickelt, das eine Reihe von Mosaiksteinen zusammenzufügen sucht. Dieses bietet die Möglichkeit zur Differenzierung pathogenetischer Subgruppen sowie eine klinische Orientierungshilfe, um für den einzelnen Patienten eine gezieltere Therapieplanung vorzunehmen.
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is often understood as a syndrome mainly characterised by widespread pain and tenderness and „unexplained” etiology and pathogenesis. In the last years evidence is growing that biological as well as psychosocial stress play a pathogenetic key-role. Beginning with the general function and development of the stress response system the actual knowledge of its relationship with central pain-processing mechanisms is reviewed. Early adverse childhood experiences can impair the function of the stress system all over the lifespan. Subsequently, research evidence for the role of stress in the etiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia is summarised. Psychological as well as psychobiological consequences are outlined. Finally, an integrative model of fibromyalgia is proposed, which may put several pieces of a biopsychosocial puzzle together. This model offers an approach for the differentiation of subgroups and a clinical orientation for developing an adequate therapy for the individual patient.
Key words
Fibromyalgia - stress - pathogenesis - childhood adversities - abuse
Literatur
1
Müller W.
Der Begriff des Weichteilrheumatismus.
Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med.
1976;
82
593-598
2
Wolfe F, Smythe H A, Yunus M B, Bennett R M, Bombardier C, Goldenberg D L, Tugwell P, Campbell S M, Abeles M, Clark P. et al .
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia: Report of the multicenter criteria committee.
Arthritis Rheum.
1990;
36
160-172
3
Jacobsen S, Petersen I S, Danneskiold-Samsoe B.
Clinical features in patients with chronic muscle pain - with special reference to fibromyalgia.
Scand J Rheumatol.
1993;
22
69-76
4
Simms R W, Roy S H, Horvat M, Anderson J J, Skrinar G. et al .
Lack of association between fibromyalgia syndrome and abnormalities in muscle energy metabolishm.
Arthritis Rheum.
1994;
37
794-800
5
Sarnoch H, Adler F, Scholz O B.
Relevance of muscular sensitivity, muscular activity, and cognitive variables for pain reduction associated with EMG biofeedback in fibromyalgia.
Percept Mot Skills.
1997;
84
1043-1050
6
Henriksson K G, Backman E, Henriksson C, Laval J H de.
Chronic regional muscular pain in women with precise manipulation work. A study of pain characteristics, muscle function, and impact on daily activities.
Scand J Rheumatol.
1996;
25
213-223
7
Elert J, Dahlqvist S R, Almay B, Eisemann M.
Muscle endurance, muscle tension and personality traits in patients with muscle or joint pain-a pilot study.
J Rheumatol.
1993;
20
1550-1556
8
Granges G, Littlejohn G.
Pressure pain threshold in pain-free subjects, in patients with chronic regional pain syndromes, and in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.
Arthr Rheum.
1993;
36
642-646
9
Kosek E, Ekholm J, Hansson P.
Increased pressure pain sensibility in fibromyalgia patients is located deep to the skin but not restricted to muscle tissue.
Pain.
1995;
63
335-339
10
Arroyo J F, Cohen M L.
Abnormal responses to electrocutaneous stimulation in fibromyalgia.
J Rheumatol.
1993;
20
1925-1931
11
Staud R, Smitherman M L.
Peripheral and central sensitization in fibromyalgia: Pathogenetic role.
Curr Pain Headache Rep.
2002;
6
259-266
12
Kosek E, Hanson P.
Modulatory influence on somatosensory perception from vibration and heterotopic noxious stimulation (HNCS) in fibromyalgia patients and healthy subjects.
Pain.
1997;
70
41-51
13
Müller W, Lautenschläger J.
Die generalisierte Tendomyopathie (GTM). Teil I: Klinik, Verlauf und Differenzialdiagnose.
Z Rheumatol.
1990;
49
11-21
14
Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell I J, Hebert L.
The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population.
Arthritis Rheum.
1995a;
38
19-28
15
Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell I J.
Aspects of fibromyalgia in the general population: sex, pain threshold, and fibromyalgia symptoms.
J Rheumatol.
1995b;
22
151-156
16
White K P, Nielson W R, Harth M, Ostbye T, Speechley M.
Chronic widespread pain with or without fibromyalgia: Psychological distress in a representative community adult sample.
J Rheumatol.
2002;
29
588-594
17
Croft P, Rigby A S, Boswell R. et al .
The prevalence of chronic widespread pain in the general population.
J Rheumatol.
1993;
20
710-713
18
Macfarlane G J.
Generalized pain, fibromyalgia and regional pain: an epidemiological view.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.
1999;
13
403-414
19
Buskila D.
Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain syndrome.
Curr Opin Rheumatol.
1999;
11
119-126.
20
Wolfe F.
The clinical syndrome of fibrositis.
Am J Med.
1986;
29
7-14
21
Yunus M B, Masi A T, Calabro J J, Miller K A, Feigenbaum S L.
Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal controls.
Semin Arthritis Rheum.
1981;
11
151-171
22
Chrousos G P, Gold P W.
The concept of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis.
JAMA.
1992;
267
1244-1252
23
McEwen B S.
From molecules to mind. Stress, individual differences, and the environment.
Ann N Y Acad Sci.
2001;
935
42-49
24
Hofer M.
Relationships as regulators.
Psychosom Med.
1984;
46
183-187
25
Hofer M A.
Hidden regulators in attachment, separation, and loss.
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev.
1994;
59
192-207
26
Meaney M J, Aitken D, Bhatnager S, Berkel C van, Sapolsky R.
Effects of neonatel handling on age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus.
Science.
1988;
238
766-768
27
Liu D, Dioro J, Tannenbaum B, Caldji C, Francis D, Freedman A, Sharma S, Pearson D, Plotsky P M, Meaney M J.
Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress.
Science.
1997;
277
1659-1662
28
Meaney M J, Bhatnager S, Larocque S, McCormick C, Shanks N, Sharma S, Smythe J, Viau V, Plotsky P M.
Individual differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response and the hypothalamic CRF system.
Ann N Y Acad Sci.
1993;
697
70-85
29
Caldji C, Tannenbaum B, Sharma S, Francis D, Plotsky P M, Meaney M J.
Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
1998;
95
5335-5340
30
Tsigos C, Chrousos G P.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress.
J Psychosom Res.
2002;
53
865-871
31
Chrousos G P, Gold P W.
A healthy body in a healthy mind - and vice versa - the damaging power of „uncontrollable” stress.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1998;
83
1842-1845
32
Aloe L, Properzi F, Probert L, Akassoglou K, Kassiotis G, Micera A, Fiore M.
Learning abilities, NGF and BDNF brain levels in two lines of TNF-α transgenic mice, one characterized by neurological disorders, the other phenotypically normal.
Brain Res.
1999;
840
125-137
33
Hall J, Thomas K L, Everitt B J.
Rapid and selective induction of BDNF expression in the hippocampus during contextual learning.
Nat Neurosci.
2000;
3
533-535
34
Cirulli F, Alleva E, Antonelli A, Aloe L.
NGF expression in the developing rat brain: effects of maternal separation.
Brain Res Dev Brain Res.
2000;
123
129-134
35
Vollmayr B, Faust H, Lewicka S, Henn F A.
Brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF) stress response rats bred for learned helplessness.
Mol Psychiatr.
2001;
6
471-474
36
Perry B D, Pollard R.
Homeostasis, stress, trauma, and adaption. A neurodevelopmental view of childhood trauma.
Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am.
1998;
7
33-51
37
Monk C, Pine D S, Charney D S.
A developmental and neurobiological approach to early trauma research.
Sem Clin Neuropsychiatry.
2002;
7
137-146
38
Sapolsky R M.
Why stress is bad for your brain.
Science.
1996;
273
749-750
39
Davidson R.
Asymmetric brain function, affective style and psychopathology: The role of early experience and plasticity.
Develop Psychopathol.
1994;
6
741-758
40
Gunnar M, Brodersen L, Nachmias M, Buss K, Rigatuso J.
Stress reactivity and attachment security.
Develop Psychobiol.
1996;
29
191-204
41
Gunnar M.
Quality of early care and buffering of neuroendocrine stress reactions: Potential effects on the developing human brain.
Preventative Medicine.
1998;
27
208-211
42
Brunson K L, Avishai-Eliner S, Hatalski C G, Baram T Z.
Neurobiology of the stress response early in life: Evolution of a concept and the role of corticotropin releasing hormone.
Mol Psychiatry.
2001;
6
647-656
43
Graham Y P, Heim C, Goodman S H, Miller A H, Nemeroff C B.
The effects of neonatal stress on brain development: Implications for psychopathology.
Dev Psychopathol.
1999;
11
545-565
44
Maunder R G, Hunter J J.
Attachment and psychosomatic medicine: developmental contributions to stress and disease.
Psychosom Med.
2001;
63
556-567
45
Shanks N.
Early life environment: Does it have implications for predispositon to disease?.
Acta Neuropsychiat.
2002;
14
292-302
46
Pine D S, Charney D S.
Children, stress, and sensitization: An integration of basic and clinical research on emotion?.
Biol Psychiatry.
2002;
52
773-775
47
McEwen B S.
Stress and the aging hippocampus.
Front Neuroendocrinol.
1999;
20
49-70
48
Essex M J, Klein M H, Cho E, Kalin N.
Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: Effects on cortisol and behavior.
Biol Psychiatry.
2002;
52
776-784.
49
Heim C, Newport D J, Heit S, Graham Y P, Wilcox M, Bonsall R, Miller A H, Nemeroff C B.
Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood.
JAMA.
2000;
284
592-597
50
Egle U T, Hardt J, Nickel R, Kappis B, Hoffmann S O.
Early stress and its long-term effects on health - State of the art and implications for future research.
Z Psychosom Med Psychother.
2002;
48
411-434
51
Felitti V J, Anda R F, Nordenberg D, Williamson D F, Spitz A M, Edwards V, Koss M P, Marks J S.
Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.
Am J Prev Med.
1998;
14
245-258
52
Romans S, Belaise C, Martin J, Morris E, Raffi A.
Childhood abuse and later medical disorders in women. An epidemiological study.
Psychother Psychosom.
2002;
71
141-150
53
Scarinci I C, McDonald-Haile J, Bradley L A, Richter J E.
Altered pain perception and psychological features among women with gastrointestinal disorders and a history of abuse: A preliminary model.
Am J Med.
1994;
97
108-118
54
Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich A L, Stevens B, Koren G.
Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys.
Lancet.
1995;
349
599-603
55
Lidow R S.
Long-term effects of neonatal pain on nociceptive systems.
Pain.
2002;
99
377-383
56
Price D D.
Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain.
Science.
2000;
288
1769-1772
57
Treede R D, Kenshalo D R, Gracely R H, Jones A KP.
The cortical representation of pain.
Pain.
1999;
79
105-111
58
Jones A KP, Kulkarni B, Derbyshire S WG.
Pain mechanisms and their disorders.
Br Med Bull.
2003;
65
83-93
59
LeDoux J E.
Emotion circuits in the brain.
Annu Rev Neurosci.
2000;
23
155-184
60
Heim C, Nemeroff C B.
The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies.
Biol Psychiatry.
2001;
49
1023-1039
61
Ladd C O, Owens M J, Nemeroff C B.
Persistent changes in corticotropin-releasing factor neuronal systems induced by maternal deprivation.
Endocrinology.
1996;
137
1212-1218
62
Price M L, Curtis A L, Kirby L G, Valentino R J, Lucki I.
Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on brain serotonergic activity.
Neuropsychopharmacology.
1998;
18
492-502
63
Kirby L G, Rice K C, Valentino R J.
Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on neuronal activity in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus.
Neuropsychopharmacology.
2000;
22
148-162
64
Millan M J.
Descending control of pain.
Progr Neurobiol.
2002;
66
355-474
65
Behbehani M M.
Functional characteristics of the midbrain periaqueductal gray.
Prog Neurobiol.
1995;
46
575-605
66
Sandkühler J.
The organization and function of endogenous antinociceptive systems.
Prog Neurobiol.
1996;
50
49-81
67
Sandkühler J.
Learning and memory in pain pathways.
Pain.
2000;
88
113-118
68 Melzack R. Pain and stress. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk DC (eds) Psychosocial aspects of pain. Critical perspectives. New York; Guilford 1999: 9-106
69
Watkins L R, Maier S F.
The pain of being sick. Implications of immune-to-brain communication for understanding pain.
Ann Rev Psychol.
2000;
51
29-57
70
Watkins L R, Maier S F.
Beyond neurons: Evidence that immune and glia cells contribute to pathological pain states.
Physiol Rev.
2002;
82
981-1011
71
Maier S F.
Bidirectional immune-brain communication: Implications for understanding stress, pain, and cognition.
Brain Behav Immun.
2003;
17
69-85
72
Wallace D J, Linker-Israeli M, Hallegua D, Silverman S, Silver D, Weisman M H.
Cytokines play an aetiopathogenetic role in fibromyalgia: A hypothesis and pilot study.
Rheumatology.
2001;
40
743-749
73
Dailey P A, Bishop G D, Russell A L, Fletcher E M.
Psychological stress and the fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome.
J Rheumatol.
1990;
17
1380-1385
74
Anderberg U M, Marteinsdottir I, Theorell T, von Knorring L.
The impact of life events in female patients with fibromyalgia and in female healthy controls.
Eur Psychiatr.
2000;
15
295-301
75
Poyhia R, Costa D da, Fitzcharles M A.
Previous experiences of women with fibromyalgia and inflammatory arthritis and nonpainful controls.
J Rheumatol.
2001;
28
1888-1891
76
Houdenhove B van, Neerinckx E, Onghena P, Lysens R, Vertommen H.
Daily hassles reported by chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia patients in tertiary care: A controlled qualitative and quantitative study.
Psychother Psychosom.
2002;
71
207-213
77
Crofford L J, Engleberg N C, Demitrack M A.
Neurohormonal perturbations in fibromyalgia.
Baillers Clin Rheumatol.
1996;
10
365-378
78
Neeck G, Crofford L J.
Neuroendocrine perturbations in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am.
2000;
26
989-1002
79
Riedel W, Schlapp U, Leck S, Netter P, Neeck G.
Blunted ACTH and cortisol responses to systemic injection of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in fibromyalgia: role of somatostatin and CRH-binding protein.
Ann N Y Acad Sci.
2002;
966
483-490
80
Gaab J, Huster D, Peisen R, Ehlert U.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity in chronic fatigue syndrome and health under psychological, physiological, and pharmacological stimulation.
Psychosom Med.
2002;
64
951-962
81
Torpy D J, Papanicolauou D A, Lotsikas A J, Wilder R L, Chrousos G P, Pillemer S R.
Responses of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to interleukin-6: A pilot study in fibromyalgia.
Arthritis Rheum.
2000;
43
872-880
82
Adler G K, Manfredsdottir V F, Creskoff K W.
Neuroendocrine abnormalities in fibromyalgia.
Curr Pain Head Rep.
2002;
6
289-298
83
Vaeroy H, Qiao Z G, Morkrid L, Forre O.
Altered sympathetic nervous system response in patients with fibromyalgia (fibrositis syndrome).
J Rheumatol.
1989;
16
1460-1465
84
Clauw D, Radulovic D, Katz P.
Tilt table testing as a measure of dysautonomia in fibromyalgia (abstract).
J Musculoskeletal Pain.
1995;
3, Suppl 1
10
85
Anderberg U M, Forsgren T, Ekselius L, Marteinsdottir I, Hallman J.
Personality traits on the basis of the temperament and character inventory in female fibromyalgia syndrome patients.
Nord J Psychiatry.
1999;
53
353-359
86
Cohen H, Neumann L, Shore M, Amir M, Cassuto Y, Buskila D.
Autonomic dysfunction in patients with fibromyalgia: application of power spectral analysis of heart rate variability.
Semin Arthritis Rheum.
2000;
29
217-227
87
Martinez-Lavin M, Herosillo A G.
Autonomous nervous system disorders may explain the multisystem features of fibromyalgia.
Semin Arthritis Rheum.
2000;
29
197-199
88
Petzke F, Clauw D J.
Sympathetic nervous system function in fibromyalgia.
Curr Rheumatol Rep.
2000;
2
116-123
89
Geenen R, Jacobs J W, Bijlsma J W.
Evaluation and management of endocrine function in fibromyalgia.
Rheum Clin North Am.
2002;
28
389-404
90 Neeck G. Die Rolle der Hormone. Endokrine und neuroendokrine Regulation bei Fibromyalgie. In: Mense S, Pongratz D (Hrsg) Chronischer Muskelschmerz. Darmstadt; Steinkopff 2003: 81-95
91
Anderberg U M, Uvnas-Moberg K.
Plasma oxytocin levels in female fibromyalgia syndrome patients.
Z Rheumatol.
2000;
59
373-379
92
Lautenbacher S, Rollman G B.
Possible deficiencies of pain modulation in fibromyalgia.
Clin J Pain.
1997;
13
89-196
93
Mense S.
Neurobiological concepts of fibromyalgia - the possible role of descending spinal tract.
Scand J Rheumatol.
2000;
29
24-29
94
Gracely R H, Petzke F, Wolf J M, Clauw D J.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia.
Arthritis Rheum.
2002;
46
1333-1344
95
Bradley L A, McKendree-Smith N L, Alberts K R, Alarcon G S, Mountz G M, Deutsch G.
The use of neuroimaging to understand abnormal pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia.
Curr Rheumatol Rep.
2000;
2
141-148
96
Pellegrino M J, Waylonis G W, Sommer A.
Familial occurrence of primary fibromyalgia.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
1989;
70
61-63
97
Buskila D, Neumann L, Hazanov I, Carmi R.
Familial aggregation in the fibromyalgia syndrome.
Semin Arthritis Rheum.
1996;
26
605-611
98
Offenbaecher M, Bondi B, Jonge S de, Glatzeder K, Kruger M, Schoeps P, Ackenheil M.
Possible association of fibromyalgia with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region.
Arthritis Rheum.
1999;
42
2482-2488
99
Bondy B, Späth M, Offenbächer M, Glatzeder K, Stratz T, Schwarz M, Jonge S de, Kruger M, Engel R R, Farber L, Pongratz D E, Ackenheil M.
The T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2A-receptor gene in fibromyalgia.
Neurobiol Dis.
1999;
6
433-439
100
Gursoy S.
Absence of association of the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with the mentally healthy subset of fibromyalgia patients.
Clin Rheumatol.
2002;
21
194-197
101
Drossman D A.
Sexual and physical abuse and gastrointestinal illness.
Scand J Gastroenterol.
1995;
208
90-96
102
Egle U T, Kissinger D, Schwab R.
Parent-child relations as a predisposition for psychogenic pain syndrome in adulthood. A controlled, retrospective study in relation to G. L. Engel's „pain-proneness”.
Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol.
1991;
41
247-256
103
Egle U T, Nickel R.
Kindheitsbelastungsfaktoren bei Patienten mit somatoformen Störungen.
Z Psychosom Med Psychother.
1998;
44
21-36
104
Imbierowicz K, Egle U T.
Childhood adversities in patients with fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorder.
Eur J Pain.
2003;
7
113-119
105
Leibing E, Rüger U, Schüssler G.
Biografische Risikofaktoren und psychische Störungen bei Fibromyalgie.
Z Psychosom Med Psychother.
1999;
45
142-156
106
Houdenhove B van, Neerinckx E, Lysens R, Vertommen H, van Houdenhove L, Onghena P, Westhovens R, D'Hooghe M B.
Victimization in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia in tertiary care: a controlled study on prevalence and characteristics.
Psychosomatics.
2001b;
42
21-28
107
Goldberg R T, Pachas W N, Keith D.
Relationship between traumatic events in childhood and chronic pain.
Disabil Rehabil.
1999;
21
23-30
108
Walker E A, Keegan D, Gardner G, Sullivan M, Bernstein D, Katon W J.
Psychosocial factors in fibromyalgia compared with rheumatoid arthritis: II. Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and neglect.
Psychosom Med.
1997;
59
572-577
109
Boisset-Pioro M H, Esdaile J M, Fitzcharles M A.
Sexual and physical abuse in women with fibromyalgia syndrome.
Arthritis Rheum.
1995;
38
235-241
110
Alexander R W, Bradley L A, Alarcon G S, Triana-Alexander M, Aaron L A, Alberts K R, Martin M Y, Stewart K E.
Sexual and physical abuse in women with fibromyalgia: association with outpatient health care utilization and pain medication usage.
Arthritis Care Res.
1998;
11
102-115
111
McBeth J, Macfarlane G J, Benjamin S, Morris S, Silman A J.
The association between tender points, psychological distress, and adverse childhood experiences: a community-based study.
Arthritis Rheum.
1999;
42
1397-1404
112
Goldenberg D L, Sandhu H S.
Fibromyalgia and posttraumatic stress syndrome: Another piece in the biopsychosocial puzzle.
Semin Arthritis Rheum.
2002;
32
1-2
113
Cohen H, Neumann L, Haiman Y, Matar M A, Press J, Buskila D.
Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in fibromyalgia patients: Overlapping syndromes or posttraumatic fibromyalgia?.
Semin Arthritis Rheum.
2002;
32
38-50
114
Raphael K G, Natelson B H, Janal M N, Nayak S.
A community-based survey of fibromyalgia-like pain complaints following the World Trade Center terrorist attacks.
Pain.
2002;
100
131-139
115
Williams D A, Brown S C, Clauw D J, Gendreau R M.
Self-reported symptoms before and after September 11 in patients with fibromyalgia.
JAMA.
2003;
289
1637-1638
116 Houdenhove B van. Comment on Cohen et al. (letter to the editor). Semin Arthritis Rheum 2003 (in press)
117
Taylor M L, Trotter D R, Csuka M E.
The prevalence of sexual abuse in women with fibromyalgia.
Arthritis Rheum.
1995;
38
229-234
118
Raphael K G, Widom C S, Lange G.
Childhood victimization and pain in adulthood: A prospective investigation.
Pain.
2001;
92
283-293
119
Houdenhove B van, Egle U T.
Comment on Raphael et al. (letter to the editor).
Pain.
2002;
96
216-217
120 Hardt J, Rutter M. Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence. J Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003 (in press)
121
Johnson M, Paananen M L, Rahinantti P, Hannonen P.
Depressed fibromyalgia patients are equipped with an emphatic competence dependent self-esteem.
Clin Rheumatol.
1997;
16
578-584
122
Houdenhove B van, Neerinckx E, Onghena P, Lysens R, Vertommen H.
Premorbid „overactive” lifestyle in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. An etiological factor or proof of good citizenship?.
J Psychosom Res.
2001a;
51
571-576
123
Egle U T, Rudolf M L, Hoffmann S O, Konig K, Schofer M, Schwab R, Wilmowsky H von.
Personality markers, defence behavior and illness concept in patients with primary fibromyalgia.
Z Rheumatol.
1989;
48
73-78
124
Hudson J, Hudson M S, Pliner L F, Goldenberg D L, Pope H G.
Fibromyalgia and major affective disorder: a controlled phenomenology anbd family history study.
Am J Psychiatr.
1985;
142
441-446
125
Epstein S A, Kay G, Clauw D, Heaton R, Klein D, Krupp L, Kuck J, Leslie V, Masur D, Wagner M, Waid R, Zisook S.
Psychiatric disorders in patients with fibromyalgia. A multicenter investigation.
Psychosomatics.
1999;
40
57-63
126
Fishbain D A, Cutler R, Rosomoff H L, Rosomoff R S.
Chronic pain-associated depression: Antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review.
Clin J Pain.
1997;
13
116-137
127
Okifuji A, Turk D C, Sherman J J.
Evaluation of the relationship between depression and fibromyalgia syndrome: why aren't all patients depressed?.
J Rheumatol.
2000;
27
212-219
128
Aaron L A, Bradley L A, Alarcon G S, Alexander R W, Triana-Alexander M, Martin M Y, Alberts K R.
Psychiatric diagnoses in patients with fibromyalgia are related to health care-seeking behavior rather than to illness.
Arthritis Rheum.
1996;
39
436-445
129
Ahles T A, Khan S A, Yunus M B, Spiegel D A, Masi A T.
Psychiatric status of patients with primary fibromyalgia, patients with rheumatoid arthritis and subjects without pain: a blind comparison of DSM-III diagnosis.
Am J Psychiatry.
1991;
148
1721-1726
130
Celiker R, Borman P, Oktem F, Gokce-Kutsal Y, Basgoze O.
Psychological disturbance in fibromyalgia: relation to pain severity.
Clin Rheumatol.
1997;
16
179-184
131
Kurtze N, Gundersen K T, Svebak S.
The role of anxiety and depression in fatigue and patterns of pain among subgroups of fibromyalgia patients.
Br J Med Psychol.
1998;
71
185-194
132
Ferguson R J, Ahles T A.
Private body consciousness, anxiety and pain symptom reports of chronic pain patients.
Behav Res Ther.
1999;
36
527-535
133
Wolfe F, Hawley D J.
Evidence of disordered symptom appraisal in fibromyalgia: increased rates of reported comorbidity and comorbidity severity.
Clin Exp Rheumatol.
1999;
17
297-303
134
Kirmayer L J, Robbins J M, Kapusta M A.
Somatization and depression in fibromyalgia syndrome.
Am J Psychiatry.
1988;
145
950-954
135
Martin M Y, Bradley L A, Alexander R W, Alarcon G S, Triana-Alexander M, Aaron L A, Alberts K R.
Coping strategies predict disability in patients with primary fibromyalgia.
Pain.
1996;
68
45-53
136
Hallberg L R, Carlsson S G.
Anxiety and coping in patients with chronic work-related muscular pain and patients with fibromyalgia.
Eur J Pain.
1998;
25
309-319
137
Hassett A L, Cone J D, Patella S J, Sigal L H.
The role of catastrophizing in the pain and depression of women with fibromyalgia syndrome.
Arthritis Rheum.
2000;
43
2493-2500
138
Buckelew S P, Parker J C, Keefe F J, Deuser W E, Crews T M, Conway R, Kay D R, Hewett J E.
Self-efficacy and pain behavior among subjects with fibromyalgia.
Pain.
1994;
59
377-384
139
Goldenberg D L, Mossey C J, Schmid C H.
A model to assess severity and impact of fibromyalgia.
J Rheumatol.
1995;
12
2313-2318
140
Burckhardt C S, Bjelle A.
Perceived control: a comparison of women with fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus using a Swedish version of the Rheumatology Attitudes Index.
Scand J Rheumatol.
1996;
25
300-306
141
Leibing E, Pfingsten M, Rüger U, Schüssler G.
Coping and appraisal in rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients.
Z Psychosom Med Psychother.
2003;
49
20-35
142
O'Malley P G, Balden E, Tomkins G, Santoro J, Kroenke K, Jackson J L.
Treatment of fibromyalgia with antidepressants: a meta-analysis.
J Gen Intern Med.
2000;
15
659-666
143
Sim J, Adams N.
Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of nonpharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia.
Clin J Pain.
2002;
18
324-336
144
Rea T, Russo J, Katon W, Ashley R L, Buchwald D.
A prospective study of tender points and fibromyalgia during and after an acute viral infection.
Arch Intern Med.
1999;
159
865-870
145
Turk D C, Okifuji A, Sinclair J D, Starz T W.
Pain, disability, and physical functioning in subgroups of patients with fibromyalgia.
J Rheumatol.
1996;
23
1255-1262
146
Turk D C, Okifuji A, Sinclair J D, Starz T W.
Differential responses by psychosocial subgroups of fibromyalgia syndrome patients to an interdisciplinary treatment.
Arthritis Care Res.
1998;
11
397-404
147
Hurtig I M, Raak R I, Kendall S A, Gerdle B, Wahren L K.
Quantitative sensory testing in fibromyalgia patients and healthy subjects: Identification of subgroups.
Clin J Pain.
2001;
17
316-322
148
Sullivan P F, Smith W, Buchwald D.
Latent class analysis of symptoms associated with chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.
Psychol Med.
2002;
32
881-888
149
Mengshoel A M, Komnaes H B, Forre O.
The effects of 20 weeks of fitness training in female patients with fibromyalgia.
Clin Exp Rheumatol.
1992;
10
345-349
150
Clark S R, Jones K D, Burckhardt C S, Bennett R M.
Exercise for patients with fibromyalgia: Risks versus benefits.
Curr Rheumatol Rep.
2001;
3
135-140
151 Konermann J, Schüßler G, Weddige-Diedrichs A. Schmerzbewältigung bei Patienten mit Fibromyalgie-Syndrom: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Kurzzeit-Einzeltherapie. In Schüßler G, Leibing E Coping. Göttingen; Hogrefe 1995
152 Petrak F, Fiedler P. Störungsspezifische kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Therapie der somatoformen Schmerzstörung. Weinheim; Beltz im Druck
153 Nickel R, Egle U T. Therapie der somatoformen Schmerzstörung. Stuttgart; Schattauer 1999
154
Nickel R, Egle U T.
Störungsspezifische Gruppenpsychotherapie bei Patienten mit somatoformen Schmerzen.
Z Gruppendyn Gruppenpsychother.
2002;
38
212-230
PD Dr. med. Ulrich Tiber Egle
Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · Universitätsklinikum Mainz
Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8
55131 Mainz
Email: egle@psychosomatik.klinik.uni-mainz.de