Zusammenfassung
Gastrointestinale neuroendokrine Tumoren werden, in Abhängigkeit von dem Vorliegen eines Hypersekretionssyndroms, als funktionell bzw. nichtfunktionell klassifiziert. Die Diagnose funktioneller Vorderdarmtumoren erfordert den Nachweis der autonomen Hormonsekretion. Zur Lokalisationsdiagnostik werden Ultraschall (US), Computertomographie (CT), Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) und Somatostatin-Rezeptor-Szintigraphie (SRS) eingesetzt. Kleine Primärtumoren machen invasive Verfahren wie endoskopischen oder intraoperativen US oder die intraoperative duodenale Transillumination erforderlich. Bei lokalisierter Erkrankung ist die Operation die Therapie der Wahl. Ist die Erkrankung ausgedehnt, kommen neben symptomatischen Therapien die Biotherapie und/oder eine Chemotherapie in Betracht. In Einzelfällen können zytoreduktive und lokal ablative Verfahren wie Embolisation, Chemoembolisation, Thermo- oder Kryoablation oder die Radio-Rezeptor-Therapie indiziert sein.
Neuroendokrine Tumoren des Mitteldarms werden vor allem durch abdominelle Schmerzen manifest. Die erhöhte Chromogranin-A-Plasma-Konzentration bzw. 5-Hydroxy-Indol-Essigsäure-Konzentration im Urin bestätigen den Verdacht auf einen neuroendokrinen Tumor oder ein Karzinoidsyndrom. Die bildgebende Diagnostik erfolgt mittels abdominellem US, CT, MRT und SRS. Die operative Therapie ist selten kurativ, kann jedoch die Überlebenszeit verlängern. Die Biotherapie ermöglicht eine symptomatische Therapie, ihre antiproliferativen Effekte sind gering. Chemotherapeutische Ansätze sind häufig nur bei Vorderdarmtumoren erfolgreich. Somit treten andere zytoreduktive Verfahren (Chemoembolisation, Thermo- oder Kryoablation, palliative operative Therapie von Lebermetastasen) und die Radio-Rezeptor-Therapie zunehmend in den Vordergrund, auch wenn die Datenlage noch keine abschließende Beurteilung der Effektivität dieser Therapien erlaubt.
Abstract
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours are classified as functioning or non-functioning according to the presence or absence of a clinically evident hypersecretion syndrome. In foregut tumours the presence of autonomous hormone secretion and the respective hypersecretion syndrome indicate functionality. Abdominal ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) are used for localisation of the primary tumour and metastasis. Invasive procedures such as endoscopic US, intraoperative US or intraoperative duodenal transillumination are useful to localise small (< 1 cm) tumours. For localised tumours surgery is the first line treatment. In metastatic disease symptomatic therapy, biotherapy and chemotherapy are available. Cytoreductive therapy such as embolisation, chemoembolisation, thermo- or cryotherapy, or radio-receptor therapy are additional options. The first symptom of most neuroendocrine midgut tumours is abdominal pain. An increased chromogranin-A plasma concentration or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 24-h urinary excretion indicates the neuroendocrine origin of the tumour or the possibility of a carcinoid syndrome, respectively. Surgical therapy prolongs survival but is rarely curative. Biotherapy is effective as symptomatic therapy. However, its cytoreductive potency is low. Chemotherapy is less effective in midgut tumours compared to foregut tumours. Cytoreductive strategies (chemoembolisaton, thermo- or cryotherapy, cytoreductive surgery) and radio-receptor therapy may offer new therapeutic options. However, their definitive value has yet to be defined.
Schlüsselwörter
Gastrointestinale neuroendokrine Tumoren - Gastrinom - Insulinom - nichtfunktioneller neuroendokriner Tumor - Karzinoidsyndrom - Biotherapie - Chemotherapie
Key words
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours - gastrinoma - insulinoma - non-functioning neuroendocrine tumour - carcinoid syndrome - biotherapy - chemotherapy
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PD Dr. med. Ursula Plöckinger
Interdisziplinäres Stoffwechsel-Centrum
Medizinische Klinik m. S. Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie
Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum
Augustenburger Platz 1
13353 Berlin
eMail: ursula.ploeckinger@charite.de