Indikationsstellung akute/chronische Hepatitis C

Natürlicher Verlauf

Unbehandelt geht eine akute Hepatitis-C-Infektion bei einem erheblichen Anteil der Patienten in eine chronische Hepatitis über (B).

Liegt eine chronische Hepatitis C vor, entwickelt sich bei bis zu einem Drittel der Patienten eine Leberzirrhose (B).

Der Progress zur Leberzirrhose ist ein Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung eines hepatozellulären Karzinoms (HCC) (B).

Erläuterungen

Die akute Hepatitis-C-Infektion geht unbehandelt bei etwa 50 - 80 % der Patienten in eine chronische Hepatitis über [1]. Die Aktivität der Fibroseentwicklung bei chronischer Hepatitis C weist eine große Variabilität auf. Bei 2 - 35 % der Patienten erreicht der Krankheitsprozess nach 20 - 25 Jahren das Stadium der Leberzirrhose [2] [3].

Liegt eine Leberzirrhose vor, ist bei etwa 2 - 5 % der Patienten pro Jahr mit der Entwicklung eines HCC zu rechnen [4] [5] [6].

Literatur

• 1 Hoofnagle J H. Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease.  Hepatology. 1997;  26 (Suppl. 1) 15S-20S (Übersicht)
• 2 Seeff L B. Natural history of hepatitis C.  Hepatology. 1997;  26 (Suppl. 1) 21S (Übersicht)
• 3 Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C.  Lancet. 1997;  349 825-832 (III)
• 4 Rockstroh J K, Woiotas R P, Spengler U. Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection.  Eur J Med Res. 1998;  3 269-277 (Übersicht)
• 5 Di Bisceglie A H. Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma.  Hepatology. 1997;  26 (Suppl. 1) 34S (Übersicht)
• 6 Hsukuma H, Hiyama T, Tanaka. et al . Risk factors for hapatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic liver disease.  N Engl J Med. 1993;  328 1797-1801 (III)
• 7 Pessione F, Degos F, Marcellin P. et al . Effect of alcohol consumption on serum hepatitis C virus RNA and histological lesions in chronic hepatitis C.  Hepatology. 1998;  27 1717-1722 (III)
• 8 Eyster M E, Diamondstone L S, Lien J M. et al . Natural history of hepatitis C virus in multitransfused hemophiliacs: effect of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus. The multicenter hemophilia cohort study.  J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;  6 602-610 (III)
• 9 Weltman M, Brotodihardjo A, Crewe E. et al . Coinfection with hepatitis B and C, C and D viruses results in severe chronic liver disease and responds poorly to interferon-treatment.  J Viral Hepatitis. 1995;  2 39-45 (III)
• 10 Perillo R P. The role of liver biopsy in Hepatitis C.  Hepatology. 1997;  26 (Suppl. 1) 57-61 (III)
• 11 Liang T J, Rehermann B, Seef L B. et al . Pathogenesis, natural history, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis C. NIH Conference.  Ann Intern Med. 2000;  132 296-305 (III)
• 12 Niederau C, Lange S, Heintges T. et al . Prognosis of chronic hepatitis C: results of a large, prospective cohort study.  Hepatology. 1998;  28 1687-1695 (III)
• 13 Mathurin P, Moussalli J, Cadranal J F. et al . Slow progression rate of fibrosis in hepatitis C virus patients with persistently normal alanine transaminase activity.  Hepatology. 1998;  27 868-872 (IIa)
• 14 Ohata K, Hamasaki K, Toriyama K. et al . Hepatic steatosis is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.  Cancer. 2003;  97 3036-3034 (IV)
• 15 El-Serag H B, Mason A C. Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United states.  N Engl J Med. 1999;  340 745-750 (III)
• 16 Alter M J. Epidemiology of hepatitis C.  Hepatology. 1997;  26 62S-65S (Übersicht)
• 17 Eyster M E, Alter H J, Aledort L M. et al . Heterosexual co-transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).  Ann Inern Med. 1991;  115 764-768 (IV)
• 18 Schreiber G B, Busch M P, Kleinmann S H. et al . The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infection.  N Engl J Med. 1996;  334 1685-1690 (III)
• 19 Everhart J E, Di Bisceglie A M, Murray L M. et al . Risk for non-A, non-B (type C) hepatitis through sexual and household contact with chronic carriers.  Ann Intern Med. 1990;  112 544-555 (III)
• 20 Dienstag J L. Sexual and perinatal transmission of hepatitis C.  Hepatology. 1997;  26 (Suppl. 1) 665-705 (III)
• 21 Neumayr G, Probst A, Schwaighofer H. et al . Lack of evidence for sexual transmission of hepatitis C.  QJM Sep. 1999;  92 505-508 (III)
• 22 Meisel H, Reip A, Faltus B. et al . Transmission of hepatitis C virus to children and husbands by woman infected with contaminated anti-D immunoglobulin.  Lancet. 1995;  345 1209-1211 (III)
• 23 Thomas D L, Zenilman J M, Alter H J. et al . Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics in Baltimore - analysis of 309 sex partnerships.  J Infect Dis. 1995;  171 768-775 (III)
• 24 Hon C H, Chen W V, Kao D S. Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in hemodialysis patients.  J Med Virol. 1995;  45 381-385 (III)
• 25 Tokars J I, Miller E R, Alter M J. et al . National surveillance of dialysis associated diseases in the United States 1995.  ASAIO J. 1998;  44 98-107 (IV)
• 26 Caramelo C, Navas S, Alberola M L. Evidence against transmission of hepatitis C virus through hemodialysis ultrafiltrate and peritoneal fluid.  Nephron. 1994;  66 470-473 (III)
• 27 Terekerz P M, Pearson R, Jagger J. Infected physicans and invasive procedures: national policy and legal reality.  Milbank Q. 1999;  77 511-529 (IV)
• 28 Haley R W, Fischer R P. Commercial tattoing as a potential important source of hepatitis C infection.  Medicine. 2001;  80 134-151 (III)
• 29 Enders G, Braun R. Prä- und perinatale Übertragung des Hepatitis C Virus.  Internist. 2000;  7 676-678 (III)
• 30 Johnson R J, Gretch D R, Couser W G. et al . Hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis. Effect of alpha-interferon therapy.  Kidney Int. 1994;  46 1700-1704 (IIb)
• 31 Zuckerman E, Keren D, Rozenbaum M. et al . Hepatitis C virus-related arthritis: characteristics and response to therapy with interferon alpha.  Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000;  18 579-584 (IIb)
• 32 Misiani R, Bellavita P, Fenili D. et al . Interferon alpha-2 a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis c virus.  N Engl J Med. 1994;  330 751-756 (Ib)
• 33 Zuckermann E, Keren D, Slobodin G. et al . Treatment of refractory, sympotmatic, hepatitis c virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia with ribavirin and interferon alpha.  J Rheumatol. 2000;  27 2172-2178 (IIb)
• 34 Foster G R, Goldin R D, Thomas H C. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection causes a significant reduction in quality of life in the absence of cirrhosis.  Hepatology. 1998;  27 209-212 (III)
• 35 Okuda K. Hepatocellular carcinoma.  J Hepatol. 2000;  32 225-237 (Übersicht)
• 36 Niederau C, Lange S, Heintges T. et al . Prognosis of chronic hepatitis C: results of a large, prospective cohort study.  Hepatology. 1998;  28 1687-1695 (III)
• 37 Poynard T, Marcellin P, Lee S S. et al . Randomized trial of interferon alpha 2 b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alpha 2 b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus.  Lancet. 1998;  352 1426-1432 (Ib)
• 38 Poynard T, McHutchinson J, Gopodmann Z. et al . Is an „A la carte” combination interferon alpha 2 b regime possible for the first line treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 211-217 (III)
• 39 Manns M P, McHutchinson J G, Gordon S. et al . Peginterferon alfa 2 b plus ribavirin compared to interferon alfa 2 b plus ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomized trial.  Lancet. 2001;  358 958-965 (Ib)
• 40 Meisel H, Reip A, Faltus B. et al . Transmission of hepatitis C virus to children and husbands by women infected with contaminated anti-D immunglobulin.  Lancet. 1995;  345 1209-1211 (III)
• 41 Vogt M, Lang T, Frosner G. et al . Prevalence and clinical outcome of hepatitis C infection in children whounderwent cardiac surgery before the implementation of blood-donor screening.  N Engl J Med. 1999;  341 866-870 (III)
• 42 Jonas M M, Ott M J, Nelson S P. et al . Interferon-α treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in children.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;  17 241-246 (IIb)
• 43 Boyer N, Marcellin P, Degott C. et al . Recombinant interferon-alpha for chronic hepatitis C in patients positive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. Comite des Anti-Viraux.  J Infect Dis. 1992;  165 723-726 (III)
• 44 Causse X, Payen J L, Izopet J. et al . Does HIV-Infection influence the response of chronic hepatitis C to interferon treatment? A French multicenter prospective study. French Multicenter Study Group.  J Hepatol. 2000;  32 1003-1010 (III)
• 45 Zylberberg H, Benhamou Y, Lagneaux J L. et al . Safety and efficiacy of interferon-ribavirin combination therapy in HCV-HIV coinfected subjects: an early report.  GUT. 2000;  47 694-697 (III)
• 46 Jannssen H L, Brouwer J T, van der Mast R C. et al . Suicide associated with alfa-interferon therapy for chronic viral hepatitis.  J Hepatol. 1994;  21 241-243 (IV)
• 47 Heathcote E J, Shiffman M L, Cooksley W G. et al . Peginterferon alfa-2 a in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis.  N Engl J Med. 2000;  343 1673-1680 (Ib)
• 48 Persico M, Persico E, Suozzo R. et al . Natural history of hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal aminotransferase levels.  Gastroenterology. 2000;  118 760-764 (III)
• 49 Puoti C, Magrini A, Stati T. et al . Clinical, histological, and virological features of hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal or abnormal alanine transaminase levels.  Hepatology. 1997;  26 1393-1398 (III)
• 50 Jaeckel E, Manns M P. The course and therapy of acute hepatitis C viral infection. Is a prevention of its becoming chronic possible?.  Z Gastroenterol. 2000;  38 387-395 (Übersicht)
• 51 Jaeckel E, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H. et al . German Acute Hepatitis C Therapy Group: Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alfa-2 b.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  345 1452-1457 (IIb)