Zusammenfassung
Die allergische Rhinitis (AR) und hyperergische Erkrankungen der oberen Luftwege sind durch die nasale Hyperreaktivität charakterisiert, die je nach Art der auslösenden Reize als spezifische nasale Hyperreaktivität, z. B. bei der AR, oder als unspezifische nasale Hyperreaktivität als idiopathische Rhinitis (IR) (früher gebräuchliche Synonyme: unspezifische nasale Hyperreaktivität; vasomotorische Rhinitis) bei nicht näher charakterisierten Reizen bezeichnet wird.
Die frühe und fachgerechte Therapie von allergischen Erkrankungen der oberen Luftwege ist von immenser Bedeutung, da die allergische Rhinitis mit Komorbiditäten wie etwa Asthma und Rhinosinusitis vergesellschaftet ist. Das therapeutische Konzept ist durch Neu- und Weiterentwicklung pharmakologischer Substanzklassen wie etwa Antihistaminika und Glukokortikosteroide geprägt. Auch die spezifische Immuntherapie, die einzig kausale Therapie der AR, ist in den letzten Jahren hinsichtlich Applikationsart und -schema reformiert worden. Allerdings lässt sich aus den bisherigen Untersuchungen zu diesen Modifikationen noch keine gesicherte Empfehlung zur oralen, sublingualen und/oder nasalen Immuntherapie ableiten.
Das Konzept der Behandlung der IR zielt auf eine symptombezogene Therapie der nasalen Hyperreaktivität ab, da ätiologische Faktoren zu dieser Form der Rhinitis noch nicht hinreichend bekannt sind. Arzneimittelgruppen wie Mastzellstabilisatoren, systemische und topische Antihistaminika, topische und systemische Glukokortikosteroide, Ipatropiumbromid und alpha-Sympathomimetika gehören zum Spektrum der verwendeten Therapeutika.
Schlüsselwörter
Allergische Rhinitis - idiopathische Rhinitis - Glukokortikosteroide - Antihistaminika - Anticholinergika - Immuntherapie - sublingual
Literatur
-
1
Bachert C, Ganzer U.
Nasal hyperreactivity. Allergic rhinitis and differential diagnoses-consensus report on pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis and therapy.
Laryngorhinootologie.
1997;
76(2)
65-76
-
2
Bousquet J, van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. et al .
Management of allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA).
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2001;
108
S147-334
-
3 Interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe „Allergische Rhinitis” der Sektion HNO der DGAI .Leitlinie der DGAI zur Behandlung der allergischen Rhinokonjunktivitis.
-
4
ISAAC .
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Steering Committee Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema. ISAAC.
Lancet.
1998;
351
1225-1232
-
5
Jarvis D, Burney P.
ABC of allergies. The epidemiology of allergic disease.
British Medical Journal.
1998;
316
607-610
-
6
Pariente P D, LePen C, Los F, Bousquet J.
Quality-of-life outcomes and the use of antihistamines in a French national population-based sample of patients with perennial rhinitis.
Pharmacoeconomics.
1997;
12
585-595
-
7 Ring J, Wenning J. Weißbuch: Allergie in Deutschland 2000. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie München; Urban und Vogel 2000
-
8 Statistisches Bundesamt .Gesundheitsbericht für Deutschland. Spezialbericht Allergien. Stuttgart; Metzler-Poeschel 2000
-
9
Krämer U, Behrendt H, Dolgner R.
Prävalenzen von Atemwegserkrankungen, Allergien und Sensibilisierungen - Stadt-Land-Unterschiede aus Ost-Westdeutschland.
Allergologie.
1999;
22
27-37
-
10
Wüthrich B.
Epidemiology of allergies in Switzerland.
Ther Umsch.
2001 May ;
58(5)
253-258
-
11
Sheikh A, Smeeth L, Hubbard R.
There is no evidence of an inverse relationship between TH2-mediated atopy and TH1-mediated autoimmune disorders: Lack of support for the hygiene hypothesis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2003;
111(1)
131-135
-
12
Alm J S, Swartz J, Lilja G, Scheynius A, Pershagen G.
Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle.
Lancet.
1999;
353
1485-1488
-
13
Korsgaard J, Iversen M.
Epidemiology of house dust mite allergy.
Allergy.
1996;
46 (suppl 11)
14-18
-
14
D’Amato G.
Outdoor air pollution, climate and allergic respiratory diseases: evidence of a link.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2002;
32
1391-1393
-
15
D’Amato G.
Urban air pollution and respiratory allergy.
Monaldi Arch Chest Dis.
2002;
572
136-140
-
16
Braun-Fahrlander C, Gassner M, Grize L, Neu U, Sennhauser F H, Varonier H S.
Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer’s children and their peers living in the same rural community. SCARPOL team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1999;
29
28-34
-
17
Seaton A, Godden D J, Brown K.
Increase in asthma: a more toxic environment or a more susceptible population?.
Thorax.
1994;
49
171-174
-
18
D’Amato G, Liccardi G, D’Amato M, Cazzola M.
Outdoor air pollution, climatic changes and allergic bronchial asthma.
Eur Respir J.
2002;
20
763-776
-
19
Murray A B, Morrison B J.
Passive smoking by asthmatics: its greater effect on boys than on girls and on older than on younger children.
Pediatrics.
1989;
84
451-459
-
20
Johansson S G, Hourihane J O, Bousquet J, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Dreborg S, Haahtela T, Kowalski M L, Mygind N, Ring J, van Cauwenberge P, Hage-Hamsten M, Wuthrich B.
A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force.
Allergy.
2001;
56
813-824
-
21
Craig T J, Teets S, Lehman E B, Chinchilli V M, Zwillich C.
Nasal congestion secondary to allergic rhinitis as a cause of sleep disturbance and daytime fatigue and the response to topical nasal corticosteroids.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
101
633-637
-
22
Vuurman E F, van Veggel L M, Uiterwijk M M, Leutner D, O’Hanlon J F.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis and antihistamine effects on children’s learning.
Ann Allergy.
1993;
71
121-126
-
23
Lack G.
Pediatric allergic rhinitis and comorbid disorders.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2001;
108 (1 Suppl)
9-15
-
24
Wright A L, Holberg C J, Martinez F D, Halonen M, Morgan W, Taussig L M.
Epidemiology of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood.
Pediatrics.
1994;
94
895-901
-
25
Leynaert B, Bousquet J, Neukirch C, Liard R, Neukirch F.
Perennial rhinitis: An independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1999;
104
301-304
-
26
Bachert C, Hörmann K, Mösges R, Rasp G, Riechelmann H, Müller R, Luckhaupt H, Stuck B A, Rudack C.
An update on the diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis and nasal polyposis.
Allergy.
2003;
58
345-352
-
27
Corey J P, Adham R E, Abbass A H, Seligman I.
The role of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in otitis media with effusion.
Am J Otolaryngol.
1994;
15
138-144
-
28
McColley S A, Carroll J L, Curtis S, Loughlin G M, Sampson H A.
High prevalence of allergic sensitization in children with habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea.
Chest.
1997;
111
170-173
-
29
Rudack C.
Significance of cytokines and chemokines in infections of the upper respiratory tract.
Laryngorhinootologie.
2001;
8
343-352
-
30
Frew A J.
Immunotherapy of allergic disease.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2003;
111(2 Suppl)
712-719
-
31
Mosmann T R, Coffman R L.
TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties.
Annual Review of Immunology.
1989;
7
145-173
-
32
Bevilacqua M P.
Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules.
Annual Review of Immunology.
1993;
11
767-804
-
33
Girard J P, Springer T A.
High endothelial venules (HEVs): specialized endothelium for lymphocyte migration.
Immunology Today.
1995;
16(9)
449-457
-
34
Bousquet J, Chanez P, Campbell A M, Vignola A M, Godard P.
Cellular inflammation in asthma.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1995;
25(Suppl 2)
39-42
-
35
Gleich G J.
Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2000;
105
651-663
-
36
Klimek L, Reichenbach M, Mewes T, Mann W.
Untersuchungen zur Reproduzierbarkeit und jahreszeitlichen Abhängigkeit von spezifischen intranasalen Provokationstests bei Birkenpollenallergikern.
Laryngo-Rhino-Otol.
1997;
76
475-479
-
37
Connell J T.
Quantitative intranasal pollen challenges. 3. The priming effect in allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy.
1969;
43
33-44
-
38
Ciprandi G, Buscaglia S, Pesce G, Pronzato C, Ricca V, Parmiani S, Bagnasco M.
Minimal persistent inflammation is present at mucosal level in patients with asymptomatic rhinitis and mite allergy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1995;
96
971-979
-
39 Klimek L. Allergenkarenz. In: Klimek L, Riechelmann H, Saloga J, Mann W, Knop J (Hrsg) Allergologie und Umweltmedizin. Stuttgart; Schattauer-Verlag 1997
-
40 Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. House dust mite avoidance measures for perennial allergic rhinitis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 2 Oxford; Update Software 2003
-
41
Frederick J M, Warner J O, Jessop W J, Enander I, Warner J A.
Effect of a bed covering system in children with asthma and house dust mite hypersensitivity.
Eur Respir J.
1997;
10
361-366
-
42
Ehnert B, Lau-Schadendorf S, Weber A, Buettner P, Schou C, Wahn U.
Reducing domestic exposure to dust mite allergen reduces bronchial hyperreactivity in sensitive children with asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1992;
90
135-138
-
43
Gotzsche P C, Hammarquist C, Burr M.
House dust mite control measures in the management of asthma: meta-analysis.
BMJ.
1998;
317
1105-1110
-
44
Strachan D P.
House dust mite allergen avoidance in asthma. Benefits unproved but not yet excluded.
BMJ.
1998;
317
1096-1097
-
45
Platts-Mills T A, Chapman M D, Wheatly L M.
Control of house dust mite in managing asthma. Conclusions of meta-analysis are wrong.
BMJ.
1999;
318
870-871
-
46
Peroni D G, Boner A L, Vallone G, Antolini I, Warner J O.
Effective allergen avoidance at high altitude reduces allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1994;
149
1442-1446
-
47
McDonald L G, Tovey E.
The role of water temperature and laundry procedures in reducing house dust mite populations and allergen content of bedding.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1992;
90
599-608
-
48
Bischoff E R, Fischer A, Liebenberg B, Kniest F M.
Mite control with low temperature washing. I. Elimination of living mites on carpet pieces.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1996;
26
945-952
-
49
Brunekreef B.
On carpets, construction and covers.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1999;
29
433-435
-
50
Colloff M J, Taylor C, Merrett T G.
The use of domestic steam cleaning for the control of house dust mites.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1995;
25
1061-1064
-
51
Warner J A, Marchant J L, Warner J O.
Allergen avoidance in the homes of atopic asthmatic children: the effect of Allersearch DMS.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1993;
23
279-286
-
52
Hegarty J M, Rouhbakhsh S, Warner J A, Warner J O.
A comparison of the effect of conventional and filter vacuum cleaners on airborne house dust mite allergen.
Respir Med.
1995;
89
279-284
-
53
Roberts J W, Clifford W S, Glass G, Hummer P G.
Reducing dust, lead, dust mites, bacteria, and fungi in carpets by vacuuming.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.
1999;
36
477-484
-
54
Kalra S, Owen S J, Hepworth J, Woodcock A.
Airborne house dust mite antigen after vacuum cleaning.
Lancet.
1990;
336
449
-
55
Niven R, Fletcher A M, Pickering A C, Custovic A, Sivour J B, Preece A R. et al .
Attempting to control mite allergens with mechanical ventilation and dehumidification in British houses.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1999;
103
756-762
-
56
Fletcher A M, Pickering C A, Custovic A, Simpson J, Kennaugh J, Woodcock A.
Reduction in humidity as a method of controlling mites and mite allergens: the use of mechanical ventilation in British domestic dwellings.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1996;
26
1051-1056
-
57
Warner J, Frederick J, Bryant T. et al .
Mechanical ventilation and high efficiency vacuum cleaning: A combined strategy of mite and mite allergen reduction in the control of mite sensitive asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2000;
105
75-82
-
58
Brown H M, Merrett T G.
Effectiveness of an acaricide in management of house dust mite allergy.
Ann Allergy.
1991;
67
25-31
-
59
Woodfolk J A, Hayden M L, Miller J D, Rose G, Chapman M D, Platts-Mills T A.
Chemical treatment of carpets to reduce allergen: a detailed study of the effects of tannic acid on indoor allergens.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1994;
94
19-26
-
60
Berge M, Munir A K, Dreborg S.
Concentrations of cat (Fel d1), dog (Can f1) and mite (Der f1 and Der p1) allergens in the clothing and school environment of Swedish schoolchildren with and without pets at home.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol.
1998;
9
25-30
-
61
Perzanowski M S, Ronmark E, Nold B, Lundback B, Platts-Mills T A.
Relevance of allergens from cats and dogs to asthma in the northernmost province of Sweden: schools as a major site of exposure.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1999;
103
1018-1024
-
62
Almqvist C, Larsson P H, Egmar A C, Hedren M, Malmberg P, Wickman M.
School as a risk environment for children allergic to cats and a site for transfer of cat allergen to homes.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1999;
103
1012-1017
-
63
Custovic A, Green R, Taggart S C, Smith A, Pickering C A, Chapman M D. et al .
Domestic allergens in public places. II: Dog (Can f1) and cockroach (Bla g 2) allergens in dust and mite, cat, dog and cockroach allergens in the air in public buildings.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1996;
26
1246-1252
-
64
Bollinger M E, Eggleston P A, Flanagan E, Wood R A.
Cat antigen in homes with and without cats may induce allergic symptoms.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1996;
97
907-914
-
65
Konieczny A, Morgenstern J P, Bizinkauskas C B, Lilley C H, Brauer A W, Bond J F. et al .
The major dog allergens, Can f 1 and Can f 2, are salivary lipocalin proteins: cloning and immunological characterization of the recombinant forms.
Immunology.
1997;
92
577-586
-
66
Klucka C V, Ownby D R, Green J, Zoratti E.
Cat shedding of Fel d I is not reduced by washings, Allerpet-C spray, or acepromazine.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1995;
95
1164-1171
-
67
Wood R A, Johnson E F, Van-Natta M L, Chen P H, Eggleston P A.
A placebo-controlled trial of a HEPA air cleaner in the treatment of cat allergy.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1998;
158
115-120
-
68
Enberg R N, Shamie S M, McCullough J, Ownby D R.
Ubiquitous presence of cat allergen in cat-free buildings: probable dispersal from human clothing.
Ann Allergy.
1993;
70
471-474
-
69
de-Blay F, Chapman M D, Platts-Mills T A.
Airborne cat allergen (Feld I). Environmental control with the cat in situ.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1991;
143
1334-1339
-
70
Slater J E.
Latex allergy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1994;
94
129-149
-
71
Przybilla B, Ruëff F.
Zur gesundheitlichen Gefährdung durch die Allergie vom Soforttyp gegenüber Naturlatex.
Allergo J.
1996;
4
185-192
-
72
Nutter A.
Contact urticaria to rubber.
Br J Dermatol.
1991;
101
597-598
-
73
Rueff F, Schöpf P, Huber R, Lang S, Kapfhammer W, Przybilla B.
Naturlatexallergie. Die verdrängte Berufskrankheit.
Dt Ärztebl.
1999;
96
B934-937
-
74
Baur X, Chen Z, Allmers H.
Can a threshold limit value for natural rubber latex airborne allergens be defined?.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
101
24-27
-
75
Leynadier F, Tran Xuan T, Dry J.
Allergenicity suppression in natural latex surgical gloves.
Allergy.
1991;
46
619-625
-
76
Baur X, Rennert J, Chen Z.
Latex allergen elimination in natural latexsap and latex gloves by treatment with alkaline potassium hydroxide solution.
Allergy.
1997;
52
306
-
77
Mahler V, Fischer S, Fuchs T, Ghannadan M, Valent P, Fartasch M. et al .
Prevention of latex allergy by selection of low-allergen gloves.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2000;
30
509-520
-
78
Vandenplas O, Delwiche J P, Depelchin S, Sibille Y, Vande Weyer R, Delaunois L.
Latex gloves with a lower protein content reduce bronchial reactions in subjects with occupational asthma caused by latex.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
151
887-891
-
79
Tarlo S M, Sussman G, Contala A, Swanson M C.
Control of airborne latex by use of powder-free latex gloves.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1994;
93
985-989
-
80
Hunt L W, Boone-Orke J L, Fransway A F, Fremstad C E, Jones R T, Swanson M C. et al .
A medical-center-wide, multidisciplinary approach to the problem of natural rubber latex allergy.
J Occup Environ Med.
1996;
38
765-770
-
81
Jackson E M, Arnette J A, Martin M L, Tahir W M, Frost-Arner L, Edlich R F.
A global inventory of hospitals using powder-free gloves: a search for principled medical leadership.
J Emerg Med.
2000;
18
241-246
-
82
Hermesch C B, Spackman G K, Dodge W W, Salazar A.
Effect of powderfree latex examination glove use on airborne powder levels in a denta school clinic.
J Dent Educ.
1999;
63
814-820
-
83
Nieto F, Mazon A, Pamies A, Lanuza R, Munoz A, Estornell A, Garcia-Ibarra F.
Efficacy of latex avoidance for primary prevention of latex sensitization in children with spina bifida.
J Pediatr.
2002;
140(3)
370-372
-
84
Pires G, Morais-Almeida M, Gaspar A, Godinho N, Calado E, Abreu-Nogueira J, Rosado-Pinto J.
Risk factors for latex sensitization in children with spina bifida.
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr).
2002;
30(1)
5-13
-
85
Wright L E, Alderson J D, Ash D, Short J A.
Clinical risk: identifying latex allergy in adults with spina bifida.
Eur J Pediatr Surg.
2001;
11 (Suppl 1)
S 47-48
-
86
Konz K R, Chin I K, Kurup V P, Resnick A.
Comparison of latex hypersensitivity among patients with neurologic defects.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1995;
95
950-995
-
87
Lagier F, Vervolet D, Lhermet I, Poyen D, Charpin D.
Prevalence of latex allergy in operating room nurses.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1992;
90
319-322
-
88
Przybilla B, Ruëff F, Baur X.
Zur gesundheitlichen Gefährdung durch die Allergie vom Soforttyp gegenüber Naturlatex. Positionspapier der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allergie- und Immunitätsforschung.
Allergo J.
1996;
5
185-192
-
89
Schulze-Dirks A.
Latexallergie.
Der Hautarzt.
2000;
51
444-445
-
90
Cox J S.
Disodium cromoglycate (FPL 670) („Intal”): a specific inhibitor of reaginic antibody-antigen mechanisms.
Nature.
1967;
216
1328-1329
-
91
Orr T S, Cox J S.
Disodium cromoglycate, an inhibitor of mas cell degranulation and histamine release induced by phospholipase A.
Nature.
1969;
223
197-198
-
92
Orr T S.
Mode of action of disodium cromoglycate.
Acta Allergol.
1977;
13
9-27
-
93
Okuda M, Ohnishi N, Ohtsuka H.
The effects of cromolyn sodium on nasal mast cells.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1985;
55
721-723
-
94
Kivity S, On A, Agami O, Levo Y, Fireman E.
A comparison of the inhibitory effect of cromoline and nedocromil Na on histamine release from airway metachromatic cells and from peripheral basophils.
Immunol Lett.
1996;
53
147-151
-
95
Theoharides T C, Sieghart W, Greengard P, Douglas W W.
Antiallergic drug cromolyn may inhibit histamine secretion by regulating phosphorylation of a mast cell protein.
Science.
1980;
207
80-82
-
96
Loh R K, Jabara H H, Geha R S.
Disodium cromoglycate inhibits S mu->S epsilon deletional switch recombination and IgE synthesis in human B cells.
J Exp Med.
1994;
180
663-671
-
97
Damon M, Chavis C, Daures J P, Crastes de Paulet A, Michel F B, Godard P.
Increased generation of the arachidonic metabolites LTB4 and 5-HETE by human alveolar macrophages in patients with asthma: effect in vitro of nedocromil sodium.
Eur Respir J.
1989;
2
202-209
-
98
Bruijnzeel P L, Warringa R A, Kok P T, Kreukniet J.
Inhibition of neutrophil and eosinophil induced chemotaxis by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate.
Br J Pharmacol.
1990;
99
798-802
-
99
Warringa R A, Mengelers H J, Maikoe T, Bruijnzeel P L, Koenderman L.
Inhibition of cytokine-primed eosinophil chemotaxis by nedocromil sodium.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1993;
91
802-809
-
100
Radeau T, Godard P, Chavis C, Michel F B, Descomps B, Damon M.
Effect of nedocromil sodium on sulfidopeptide leukotrienes-stimulated human alveolar macrophages in asthma.
Pulm Pharmacol.
1993;
6
27-31
-
101
Radeau T, Chavis C, Godard P H, Michel F B, Crastes de Paulet A, Damon M.
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase metabolism in human neutrophils from patients with asthma: in vitro effect of nedocromil sodium.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol.
1992;
97
209-215
-
102
Dixon C M, Barnes P J.
Bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction: inhibition by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate.
Br J Clin Pharmacol.
1989;
27
831-836
-
103
Norris A A.
Pharmacology of sodium cromoglycate.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1996;
4
5-7
-
104
Holopainen E, Backman A, Salo O P.
Effect of disodium cromoglycate on seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Lancet.
1971;
1(7689)
55-57
-
105
Blair H, Herbert R L.
Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with 2 percent sodium cromoglycate (BP) solution.
Clin Allergy.
1973;
3
283-288
-
106
Craig S, Rubinstein E, Reisman R E, Arbesman C E.
Treatment of ragweed hay fever with intranasally administered disodium cromoglycate.
Clin Allergy.
1977;
7
569-576
-
107
Schata M, Jorde W, Richarz-Barthauer U.
Levocabastine nasal spray better than sodium cromoglycate and placebo in the topical treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1991;
87
873-878
-
108
Bousquet J, Chanal I, Alquie M C, Charpin D, Didier A, Germouty J, Greillier P, Ickovic M H, Maria Y, Montane F. et al .
Prevention of pollen rhinitis symptoms: comparison of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and disodium cromoglycate aqueous nasal spray. A multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study.
Allergy.
1993;
48
327-333
-
109
Fisher W G.
Comparison of budesonide and disodium cromoglycate for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children.
Ann Allergy.
1994;
73
515-520
-
110
Ruhno J, Denburg J, Dolovich J.
Intranasal nedocromil sodium in the treatment of ragweed-allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1988;
81
570-574
-
111
Leino M, Carlson C, Jaanio E, Koivunen T, Lavikkala H, Riihela K, Takalo E.
Double-blind group comparative study of 2 % nedocromil sodium eye drops with placebo eye drops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.
Ann Allergy.
1990;
64
398-402
-
112
Bousquet J, van Cauwenberge P. et al .
Requirements for medications commonly used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
Allergy.
2003;
58
321-348
-
113
Simons F E, Simons K J.
Clinical pharmacology of H1-antihistamines.
Clin Allergy Immunol.
2002;
17
141-178
-
114
Leurs R, Church M K, Taglialatela M.
H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2002;
32(4)
489-498
-
115
Ciprandi G, Cosentino C, Milanese M, Mondino C, Canonica G W.
Fexofenadine reduces nasal congestion in perennial allergic rhinitis.
Allergy.
2001;
56(11)
1068-1070
-
116
Bousquet J, Lebel B, Chanal I, Morel A, Michel F B.
Antiallergic activity of H1-receptor antagonists assessed by nasal challenge.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1988;
82
881-887
-
117
Canonica G W, Ciprandi G, Passalacqua G.
Nonsteroidal antiallergic treatments in allergic rhinitis.
Am J Rhinol.
2000;
14(5)
319-323
-
118
Passalacqua G, Scordamaglia A, Ruffoni S, Parodi M N, Canonica G W.
Sedation from H1 antagonists: evaluation methods and experimental results.
Allergol Immunopathol Madr.
1993;
21(2)
79-83
-
119
Welch M J, Meltzer E O, Simons F E.
H1-antihistamines and the central nervous system.
Clin Allergy Immunol.
2002;
17
337-388
-
120
Timmerman H.
Why are non-sedating antihistamines non-sedating?.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1999;
3
13-18
-
121
DGAI Presseerklärung .
Kardiovaskuläre Risiken durch Antihistaminika.
Allergo J.
1996;
4
242-243
-
122
Passalacqua G, Bousquet J, Bachert C, Church M K, Bindsley-Jensen C, Nagy L. et al .
The clinical safety of H1-receptor antagonists. An EAACI position paper.
Allergy.
1996;
51(10)
666-675
-
123
Simons F ER, Simons K J.
Drug therapy: the pharmacology and use of H1-receptor-antagonist drugs.
N Engl J Med.
1994;
330
1663-1670
-
124
Renwick A G.
The metabolism of antihistamines and drug interactions: the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1999;
3
116-124
-
125
Doherty M M, Charman W N.
The mucosa of the small intestine: how clinically relevant as an organ of drug metabolism?.
Clin Pharmacokinet.
2002;
41(4)
235-253
-
126
Dresser G K, Bailey D G, Leake B F, Schwarz U I, Dawson P A, Freeman D J. et al .
Fruit juices inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug uptake to decrease the oral availability of fexofenadine.
Clin Pharmacol Ther.
2002;
71(1)
11-20
-
127
Nayak A S, Schenkel E.
Desloratadine reduces nasal congestion in patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis.
Allergy.
2001;
56 (11)
1077-1080
-
128
Dolovich J, Moote D W, Mazza J A, Clermont A, PetitClerc C, Danzig M.
Efficiacy of loratadine versus placebo in the prophylactic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Ann Allergy.
1994;
73(3)
235-239
-
129
Warner J O.
A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cetirizine in preventing the onset of asthma in children with atopic dermatitis: months-treatment and 18 months posttreatment follow-up.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2001;
108(6)
929-937
-
130
Ciprandi G, Ricca V, Tosca M, Landi M, Passalacqua G, Canonica G W.
Continuous antihistamine treatment controls allergic inflammation and reduces respiratory morbidity in children with mite allergy.
Allergy.
1999;
54
358-365
-
131
Ciprandi G, Tosca M, Ricca V, Passalacqua G, Riccio A M, Bagnasco M. et al .
Cetirizine treatment of rhinitis in children with pollen allergy: evidence of its antiallergic activity.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1997;
27(10)
1160-1166
-
132
Busse W W, Middleton E, Storms W, Dockhorn R J, Chu T J, Grossman J. et al .
Corticosteroid-sparing effect of azelastine in the management of bronchial asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
153 (1)
122-127
-
133
Ciprandi G, Passalacqua G, Mincarini M, Ricca V, Canonica G W.
Continuous versus on demand treatment with cetirizine for allergic rhinitis.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
1997;
79 (6)
507-511
-
134
Simons F E.
H1-antihistamines in children.
Clin Allergy Immunol.
2002;
17
437-464
-
135
Klimek L, Bachert C.
Current aspects of nasal glucocorticosteroid therapy.
HNO.
2000;
48 (7)
544-555
-
136
Barnes P J, Adock I.
Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids: molecular mechanisms.
Trends Pharmacol Sci.
1993;
14
436-441
-
137
Pederson S, O’Byrne P.
A comparison of the efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma.
Allergy.
1993;
52
1-34
-
138
Swiebert L A, Beck L A, Stellato C.
Glucocorticosteroid inhibition of cytokine production: Relevance to antiallergic actions.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1996;
97
143-152
-
139
Scheinmann R I, Cogswell P C, Lofquist A K, Baldwin A S.
Role of transcriptional activation of I kappa Balpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids.
Science.
1995;
270
283-286
-
140
Auphan N, DiDonato J A, Rossette C, Helmberg A, Karin M.
Immunosuppression by glucocorticoid inhibition of NK-kB activity through induction of IkB synthesis.
Science.
1995;
270
286-290
-
141
Rudack C, Bachert C.
Glucocorticosteroids rapidly inhibit allergen-induced expression of E-selectin in vitro in a mucosal model of allergic rhinitis.
Allergy.
1999;
55
363-368
-
142
Brogden R N, Heel R C, Speight T M, Avery G S.
Beclomethasone dipropionate. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy after a decade of use in asthma and rhinitis.
Drugs.
1984;
28
99-126
-
143 Clissold S P. Rhinitis. In: Barnes PJ, Mygind N (eds) Budesonide: clinical experience in asthma and rhinitis. Manchester; ADIS Press 1984: 51-64
-
144
Mygind N.
Topical steroid treatment for allergic rhinitis and allied conditions.
Clin Otolaryngol.
1982;
7
343-352
-
145 Naclerio R M. Intranasal steroids. In: Mygind N, Naclerio RM (eds) Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis: clinical aspects. Copenhagen; Munksgaard 1983: 114-122
-
146
Pakes G E, Brogden R N, Heel R D, Speight T M, Avery G S.
Flunisolide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in rhinitis.
Drugs.
1980;
19
397-411
-
147 Pipkorn U, Norman P S, Middleton E Jr. Topical steroids. In: Mygind N,Weeke B (eds) Allergic and vasomotor rhinitis: clinical aspects. Copenhagen; Munksgaard 1985: 165-179
-
148
Siegel S C.
Topical intranasal corticosteroid therapy in rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1988;
81
984-991
-
149
Meltzer E O.
Nasal cytological changes following pharmacological intervention.
Allergy.
1995;
50
15-20
-
150
Lund V.
Fluticasone propionate - a new and effective treatment for both allergic and non-allergic perennial rhinitis (abstract).
Allergy.
1999;
12
347
-
151
Sahay J N, Chatterjee S S, Engler C.
A comparative trial of flunisolide and beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.
Clin Allergy.
1999;
10
65-70
-
152
Welsh P W, Stricker W E, Chu C P, Naessens J M, Reese M E, Reed C E, Marcoux J P.
Efficacy of beclomethasone nasal solution, flunisolide and cromolyn in relieving symptoms of ragweed allergy.
Mayo Clin Proc.
1987;
62
125-134
-
153
Welch M J, Bronsky E A, Grossman J, Shapiro G G, Tinkelman D G, Garcia J D, Gillen M S.
Clinical evaluation of triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol in children with perennial allergic rhinitis.
Ann Allergy.
1991;
67
493-498
-
154
Welch M.
Once daily triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray is effective for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.
Ann Allergy.
1991;
66
329-334
-
155
Bachert C.
Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit von Fluticasonpropionat bei der Behandlung der allergischen Rhinitis.
Allergologie.
1998;
21
150-165
-
156 Bachert C, Darlath W, Janzen B. Triamcinolonacetonid-Nasenspray (Nasacort®) bei der Behandlung. 1998
-
157
Storms W, Bronsky E, Findley S, Pearlman D, Rosenberg S, Shapiro G, Southern L, Tinkelman D, Weakley S.
Once daily triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray is effective in treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.
Ann Allergy.
1991;
66
329-334
-
158
Findlay S, Huber F, Garcia J, Huang L.
Efficacy of once-a-day intranasal administration of triamcinoloneacetonide in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Ann Allergy.
1992;
68
228-232
-
159
Hansen I, Mygind N.
Local effect of intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in perennial rhinitis.
Acta Allerg.
1974;
29
281-287
-
160
Hallworth G W, Padfield J M.
A comparison of regional deposition in a model nose of a drug discharged from metered aerosol and metered-pump nasal delivery system.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1986;
77
348-353
-
161
Mygind N, Vesterhauge S.
Aerosol distribution in the nose.
Rhinology.
1978;
16
79-88
-
162
Newman S P, Moren F, Clarke S W.
Deposition pattern from a nasal pump spray.
Rhinology.
1978;
25
77-82
-
163
Batts A H, Marriott C, Martin G P, Bond S W.
The effect of some preservatives used in nasal preparations on mucociliary clearance.
J Pharm Pharmacol.
1989;
41
156-159
-
164
Scadding G K, Lund V J, Jacques L A, Richards D H.
A placebo-controlled study of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and beclomethasone dipropionate in perennial rhinitis: efficacy in allergic and non-allergic perennial rhinitis.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1995;
25
737-743
-
165
Passalacqua G, Albano M, Canonica G W, Bachert C, Van Cauwenberge P, Davies R J, Durham S R, Kontou-Fili K, Horak F, Malling H J.
Inhaled and Nasal Corticosteroids: Safety Aspects. EAACI Position Paper.
Allergy.
2000;
55
16-33
-
166
Minshall E, Ghaffar O, Cameron L, O’Brien F, Quinn H, Rowe-Jones J, Davies R J, Prior A, Lund V J, Mackay I S, Nolop K, Lutsky B, Durham S R, Hamid Q.
Assessment by nasal biopsy of long-term use of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (Nasonex) in the treatment of perennial rhinitis.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1998;
118
648-654
-
167 Coelho M, Saconato H, Castelo A. Topical nasal steroids for allergic rhinitis in children (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). Update Software. Oxford; In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2 2003
-
168
Rachelefsky G, Chervinsky P, Meltzer E, Morris R, Seltzer J, Skoner D.
An evaluation of the effects of beclomethasone dipropionate on long-term growth in children.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
101
236
-
169
Skoner D P, Rachelefsky G S, Meltzer E O, Chervinsky P, Morris R M, Seltzer J M, Storms W W, Wood R A.
Detection of growth suppression in children during treatment with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate.
Pediatrics.
2000;
105
E23
-
170
Sharek P J, Berman D A.
The effect of inhaled steroids on the linear growth of children with asthma: a meta-analysis.
Pediatrics.
2000;
106
E8
-
171
Bonsmann U, Bachert C, Delank K W, Rohdewald P.
Presence of fluticasone propionate on human nasal mucosal surface and in human nasal tissue over a period of 24 h after intranasal application.
Allergy.
2001;
56
532-535
-
172
Weiner J M, Abramson M J, Puy R M.
Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
BMJ.
1998;
317
1624-1629
-
173
Stempel D A, Thomas M.
Treatment of allergic rhinitis: an evidence-based evaluation of nasal corticosteroids versus nonsedating antihistamines.
Am J Manag Care.
1998;
4
89-96
-
174
Nielsen L P, Mygind N, Dahl R.
Intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis: superior relief?.
Drugs.
2001;
61
1563-1579
-
175
Ratner P H, van Bavel J H, Martin B G. et al .
A comparison of the efficacy of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratadine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
J Fam Pract.
1998;
47
118-125
-
176
Juniper E F, Kline P A, Hargreave F E, Dolovich J.
Comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray, astemizole, and the combination in the prophylactic treatment of ragweed pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1989;
83
627-633
-
177
Simpson R J.
Budesonide and terfenadine, separately and in combination, in the treatment of hay fever.
Ann Allergy.
1994;
73
497-502
-
178
Brooks C D, Francom S, Peel B G.
Spectrum of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptom relief with topical corticoid and oral antihistamine given singly or in combination.
Am J Rhinol.
1996;
10
193-199
-
179
Stricker W E, Nathan R A, Sinder J A.
Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratadine, alone and in combination, in the treatment of fall seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
1998;
80
115
-
180
Mygind N, Laursen C, Dahl R.
Systemic corticosteroid treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a common, but poorly understood therapy.
Allergy.
2000;
55
11-15
-
181
Laursen L C, Faurschou P, Pals H, Svendsen U G, Weeke B.
Intramuscular betamethasone dipropionate vs. oral prednisolone in hay fever patients.
Allergy.
1987;
42
168-172
-
182
Malm L.
Pharmacological background to decongesting and anti-inflammatory treatment of rhinitis and sinusitis.
Acta Otolaryngol Suppl.
1994;
515
53-55 discussion 5 - 6
-
183
Johnson D A, Hricik J G.
The pharmacology of alpha-adrenergic decongestants.
Pharmacotherapy.
1993;
13
110S-115S; discussion 43S-46S
-
184
Vansal S S, Feller D R.
Direct effects of ephedrine isomers on human betaadrenergic receptor subtypes.
Biochem Pharmacol.
1999;
58
807-810
-
185
Loth S, Bende M.
The effect of topical phenylpropanolamine on nasal secretion and nasal airway resistance after histamine challenge in man.
Clin Otolaryngol.
1985;
10
15-19
-
186
Broms P, Malm L.
Oral vasoconstrictors in perennial non-allergic rhinitis.
Allergy.
1982;
37
67-74
-
187
Kanfer I, Dowse R, Vuma V.
Pharmacokinetics of oral decongestants.
Pharmacotherapy.
1993;
13
116S-128S; discussion 43S-46S
-
188
Simons F E, Gu X, Watson W T, Simons K J.
Pharmacokinetics of the orally administered decongestants pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine in children.
J Pediatr.
1996;
129
729-734
-
189
Yoo J K, Seikaly H, Calhoun K H.
Extended use of topical nasal decongestants.
Laryngoscope.
1997;
107
40-43
-
190
Graf P, Hallen H, Juto J E.
Four-week use of oxymetazoline nasal spray (Nezeril) once daily at night induces rebound swelling and nasal hyperreactivity.
Acta Otolaryngol.
1995;
115
71-75
-
191
Graf P, Hallen H.
Effect on the nasal mucosa of long-term treatment with oxymetazoline, benzalkonium chloride, and placebo nasal sprays.
Laryngoscope.
1996;
106
605-609
-
192
Thomas S H, Clark K L, Allen R, Smith S E.
A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of phenylpropanolamine and phenylephrine containing proprietary cold remedies.
Br J Clin Pharmacol.
1991;
32
705-711
-
193
Onuigbo M, Alikhan M.
Over-the-counter sympathomimetics: a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias in pregnancy.
South Med J.
1998;
91
1153-1155
-
194
Bradley J G.
Nonprescription drugs and hypertension.
Which ones affect blood pressure? Postgrad Med.
1991;
89
195-197, 201 - 202
-
195
Beck R A, Mercado D L, Seguin S M, Andrade W P, Cushner H M.
Cardiovascular effects of pseudoephedrine in medically controlled hypertensive patients.
Arch Intern Med.
1992;
152
1242-1245
-
196
Sauder K L, Brady W Jr, Hennes H.
Visual hallucinations in a toddler: accidental ingestion of a sympathomimetic over-the-counter nasal decongestant.
Am J Emerg Med.
1997;
15
521-526
-
197
Nomeir A A, Mojaverian P, Kosoglou T, Affrime M B, Nezamis J, Rodwanski E. et al .
Influence of food on the oral bioavailability of loratadine and pseudoephedrine from extended-release tablets in healthy volunteers.
J Clin Pharmacol.
1996;
36
923-930
-
198
Segal A T, Falliers C J, Grant J A, Podleski W K, Woehler T R, Huster W J. et al .
Safety and efficacy of terfenadine/pseudoephedrine versus clemastine/phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Ann Allergy.
1993;
70
389-394
-
199
Williams B O, Hull H, McSorley P, Frosolono M F, Sanders R L.
Efficacy of acrivastine plus pseudoephedrine for symptomatic relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis due to mountain cedar.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
1996;
76
432-438
-
200
Dockhorn R J, Williams B O, Sanders R L.
Efficacy of acrivastine with pseudoephedrine in treatment of allergic rhinitis due to ragweed.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
1996;
76
204-209
-
201
Bertrand B, Jamart J, Marchal J L, Arendt C.
Cetirizine and pseudoephedrine retard alone and in combination in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind multicentre study.
Rhinology.
1996;
34
91-96
-
202
Horak F, Toth J, Marks B, Stubner U P, Berger U E, Jager S.
Efficacy and safety relative to placebo of an oral formulation of cetirizine and sustained-release pseudoephedrine in the management of nasal congestion.
Allergy.
1998;
53
849-856
-
203
Sussman G L, Mason J, Compton D, Stewart J, Ricard N.
The efficacy and safety of fexofenadine HCl and pseudoephedrine, alone and in combination, in seasonal allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1999;
104
100-106
-
204
Storms W W, Bodman S F, Nathan R A, Chervinsky P, Banov C H, Dockhorn R J. et al .
SCH 434: a new antihistamine/decongestant for seasonal allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1989;
83
1083-1090
-
205
Kaiser H B, Banov C H, Berkowitz R R, Bernstein D I, Bronsky E A, Georgitis J W. et al .
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Once-Daily Versus Twice-Daily Loratadine-Pseudoephedrine Combinations Versus Placebo in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis.
Am J Ther.
1998;
5
245-251
-
206
Howarth P H, Harrison K, Smith S.
The influence of terfenadine and pseudo-ephedrine alone and in combination on allergen-induced rhinitis.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol.
1993;
101
318-321
-
207
Meltzer E O, Malmstrom K, Lu S, Prenner B M, Wei L X, Weinstein S F, Wolfe J D, Reiss T F.
Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2000;
105
917-922
-
208
Pullerits T, Praks L, Skoogh B E, Ani R, Lotvall J.
Randomized placebo-controlled study comparing a leukotriene receptor antagonist and a nasal glucocorticoid in seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1999;
159
1814-1818
-
209
Wilson A M, Orr L C, Sims E J, Lipworth B J.
Effects of monotherapy with intra-nasal corticosteroid or combined oral histamine and leukotriene receptor antagonists in seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2001;
31
61-68
-
210
Flowers B K, Proud D, Kagey-Sobotka A. et al .
The effect of aleukotriene antagonist on the early response to antigen.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1990;
102
219-224
-
211
Donnelly A L, Glass M, Minkwitz M C, Casale T B.
The leukotriene D4-receptor antagonist, ICI 204,219, relieves symptoms of acute seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
151
1734-1739
-
212
Philip G, Malmstrom K, Hampel F C. et al .
Montelukast for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial performed in the spring.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2002;
32
1020-1028
-
213
Grossman J, Ratner P H, Nathan R. et al .
Pranlukast, an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist, relieves symptoms in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1997;
99
S443
-
214
Llanes S J, Sur S, Grant J A, Alam R.
Comparison of the effects of fluticasone and montelukast on early- and late-phase nasal allergic reactions.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2001;
107
312
-
215
Nayak A S, Philip G, Lu S. et al .
Efficacy and tolerability of montelukast alone or in combination with loratadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial performed in the fall.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
2002;
88
592-600
-
216
Eccles R, Wilson H.
The parasympathetic secretory nerves of the nose of the cat.
J Physiol.
1973;
230
213-223
-
217
Anggard A.
Parasympathetic influence on the nasal mucosa.
Acta Otolaryngol.
1977;
83
22-24
-
218
Wood C C, Fireman P, Grossman J, Wecker M, MacGregor T.
Product characteristics and pharmacokinetics of intranasal ipratropium bromide.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1995;
95
1111-1116
-
219
Mygind N, Borum P.
Intranasal ipratropium: literature abstracts and comments.
Rhinol Suppl.
1989;
9
37-44
-
220
Georgitis J W, Banov C, Boggs P B, Dockhorn R, Grossman J, Tinkelman D.
Ipratropium bromide nasal spray in non-allergic rhinitis: efficacy, nasal cytological response and patient evaluation on quality of life.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1994;
24
1049-1055
-
221
Kaiser H B, Findlay S R, Georgitis J W, Grossman J, Ratner P H, Tinkelman D G. et al .
Long-term treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.06 %.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1995;
95
1128-1132
-
222
Meltzer E O, Orgel H A, Bronsky E A, Findlay S R, Georgitis J W, Grossman M J.
Ipratropium bromide aqueous nasal spray for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a study of its effect on their symptoms, quality of life, and nasal cytology.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1992;
90
242-249
-
223
Baroody F M, Majchel A M, Roecker M M, Roszko P J, Zegarelli E C, Wood C C.
Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent nasal spray) reduces the nasal response to methacholine.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1992;
89
1065-1075
-
224
Milford C A, Mugliston T A, Lund V J, Mackay I S.
Long-term safety and efficacy study of intranasal ipratropium bromide.
J Laryngol Otol.
1990;
104
123-151
-
225
Finn A Jr, Aaronson D, Korenblat P, Lumry W, Settipane G, Spector S.
Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03 % provides additional relief from rhinorrhea when combined with terfenadine in perennial rhinitis patients; a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial.
Am J Rhinol.
1998;
12
441-449
-
226
Dockhorn R, Aaronson D, Bronsky E, Chervinsky P, Cohen R, Ehtessabian R.
Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03 % and beclomethasone nasal spray alone and in combination for the treatment of rhinorrhea in perennial rhinitis.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
1999;
82
349-359
-
227
Weiser M, Gegenheimer L H, Klein P.
A randomized equivalence trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Luffa comp.-Heel nasal spray with cromolyn sodium spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Forsch Komplementarmed.
1999;
6
142-148
-
228
Davies A, Lewith G, Goddard J, Howarth P.
The effect of acupuncture on nonallergic rhinitis: a controlled pilot study.
Altern Ther Health Med.
1998;
4
70-74
-
229
Xue C C, English R, Zhang J J, da Costa C, Li C G.
Effect of acupuncture in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Am J Chin Med.
2002;
30
1
-
230
Dorsch W, Ring J.
Komplementärmethoden bzw. sogenannte Alternativmethoden in der Allergologie.
Allergologie.
2002;
25
539-547
-
231
Mori S, Fujieda S, Igarashi M, Fan G K, Saito H.
Submucous turbinectomy decreases not only nasal stiffness but also sneezing and rhinorrhea in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1999;
29
1542-1548
-
232
Noon L.
Prophylactic inoculation of hay fever.
Lancet.
1911;
1
572-573
-
233
Abramson M J, Puy R M, Weiner J M.
Is allergen immunotherapy effective in asthma? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
151
969-974
-
234
Moller C, Dreborg S, Ferdousi H A, Halken S, Host A, Jacobsen L, Koivikko A, Koller D Y, Niggemann B, Norberg L A, Urbanek R, Valovirta E, Wahn U.
Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (the PAT-study).
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2002;
109
251-256
-
235
Des Roches A, Paradis L, Knani J, Hejjajoui A, Dhivert H, Chanez P, Bousquet J.
Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. V. Duration of efficacy of immunotherapy after its cessation.
Allergy.
1996;
51
430-433
-
236
Purello-D’Ambrosio F, Gangemi S, Merendino R A, Isola S, Puccinelli P, Parmiani S, Ricciardi L.
Prevention of new sensitizations in monosensitized subjects submitted to specific immunotherapy or not. A retrospective study.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2001;
31
1295-1302
-
237
Pajno G B, Barberio G, de Luca F, Morabito L, Parmiani S.
Prevention of new sensitizations in asthmatic children monosensitized to house dust mite by specific immunotherapy. A six-year follow-up study.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2001;
31
392-397
-
238
Bousquet J, Lockey R F, Malling H-J.
Allergen immunotherapy. Therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases. WHO position paper.
Allergy.
1998;
53 (Suppl)
1-42
-
239
Malling H-J, Weeke B.
Immunotherapy. Position Paper of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI).
Allergy.
1993;
48 (Suppl)
9-35
-
240
Sennekamp J, Kersten W, Hornung B.
Empfehlungen zur Hyposensibilisierung mit Allergenextrakten.
Allergo J.
1995;
4
205-212
-
241
Rocklin R E, Sheffer A L, Greineder D K, Melmon K L.
Generation of antigen-specific suppressor cells during allergy desensitization.
New Engl J Med.
1980;
302
1213
-
242
Kesarwala H H, Maccia C, Amaram N, Szep R, Papageorgiu P.
Suppressor T cells and soluble suppressor factors in allergy: effect of immunotherapy.
Clin Allergy.
1984;
14
519-524
-
243
Rocklin R E, Pence H, Kaplan H, Evans R.
Cell-mediated immune response of ragweed-sensitive patients to ragweed antigen E: In vitro lymphocyte transformation and elaboration of lymphocyte mediators.
J Clin Invest.
1974;
53
735-744
-
244
Jutel M, Pichler W J, Skrbic D, Urwyler A, Dahinden C, Müller U R.
Bee venom immunotherapy results in decrease of IL-4 and IL-5 and increase of IFN-gamma secretion in specific allergen-stimulated T cell cultures.
J Immunol.
1995;
154
4187-4194
-
245
Saloga J, Renz H, Lack G. et al .
Development and transfer of immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity in mice exposed to aerosolized antigen.
J Clin Invest.
1993;
91
133-140
-
246
McMenamin C, Schon Hegrad M, Oliver J, Girn B, Holt P G.
Regulation of IgE responses to inhaled antigens: cellular mechanisms underlying allergic sensitization versus tolerance induction.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol.
1991;
94
78-82
-
247
Bellinghausen I, Enk A H, Mohamadzadeh M, Lohmann S, Knop J, Saloga J.
Epidermal cells enhance interleukin 4 and immunoglobulin E production after stimulation with protein allergen.
J Invest Dermatol.
1996;
107
582-588
-
248
Chang T L, Shea C M, Urioste S, Thompson R C, Boom W H, Abbas A K.
Heterogenity of helper/inducer T lymphocytes. III. Responses of IL-2 and IL-4 producing clones to antigens presented by different accessory cells.
J Immunol.
1990;
145
2803
-
249
DeKruyff R H, Fang Y, Umetsu D T.
IL-4 synthesis by in vivo primed keyhole limpet hemocyanin-specific CD4+ T cells. I. Influence of antigen concentration and antigen-presenting cell type.
J Immunol.
1992;
149
3468-3476
-
250
Hauser C, Snapper C M, Ohara J, Paul W E, Katz S I.
T helper cells grown with hapten-modified cultured Langerhans' cells produce interleukin 4 and stimulate IgE production by B cells.
Eur J Immunol.
1989;
19
245-251
-
251
Secrist H, DeKruyff R H, Umetsu D T.
Interleukin 4 production by CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals is modulated by antigen concentration and antigen-presenting cell type.
J Exp Med.
1995;
181
1081-1089
-
252
Secrist H, Chelen C J, Wen Y, Marshall J D, Umetsu D T.
Allergen immunotherapy decreases interleukin 4 production in CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals.
J Exp Med.
1993;
178
2123-2130
-
253
Creticos P S, Van Metre T E, Mardiney M R, Rosenberg G L, Norman P S, Adkinson N F .
Dose response of IgE and IgG antibodies during ragweed immunotherapy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1984;
73
94-104
-
254
Gleich G J, Zimmermann E M, Henderson L L, Yunginger J W.
Effect of immunotherapy on immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G antibodies to ragweed antigens: a six-year prospective study.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1982;
70
261-271
-
255
Geha R S, Communale M.
Regulation of immunoglobulin E antibody synthesis in man by antiidiotypic antibodies.
J Clin Invest.
1983;
71
46-54
-
256
Sadan N, Rhyne M B, Mellits E D, Goldstein O, Levy D A, Lichtenstein L M.
Immunotherapy of pollinosis in children. Investigation of the immunologic basis of clinical improvement.
N Engl J Med.
1969;
280
623-631
-
257
Van Metre T E, Adkinson N F, Kagey-Sobotka A.
Immunotherapy decreases skin sensitivity to ragweed extract: demonstration by midpoint skin test titration.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1990;
86
587-588
-
258
Durham S R, Varney V A, Gaga M, Jacobson M R, Frew A J, Kay A B.
Graspollen immunotherapy decreases the number of mastcells in the skin.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1999;
29
1490-1496
-
259
Iliopoulos O, Proud D, Adkinson N F .
Effects of immunotherapy on the early, late, and rechallenge reaction to provocation with allergen: changes in inflammatory mediators and cells.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1991;
87
855
-
260
Varney V A, Hamid Q A, Gaga M. et al .
Influence of grass pollen immunotherapy on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous responses.
J Clin Invest.
1993;
92
644-651
-
261
Rak S, Löwenhagen O, Venge P.
The effect of immunotherapy on bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eosinophil cationic protein in pollen-allergic patients.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1988;
82
470-480
-
262
Klimek L, Wolf H, Mewes T. et al .
The effect of short-term immunotherapy with molecular standardized grass and rye allergens on eosinophil cationic protein and tryptase in nasal secretions.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1999;
103
47-53
-
263
Yssel H, Fasler S, Lamb J, de Vries J E.
Induction of non-responsiveness in human allergen-specific type 2 T helper cells.
Curr Opin Immunol.
1994;
6
847-852
-
264
Norman P S.
Immunotherapy for nasal allergy (symposium).
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1988;
81
992-996
-
265
Haugaard L, Dahl R, Jacobsen L.
A controlled dose-response study of immunotherapy with standardized, partially purified extract of house dust mite: clinical efficacy and side effects.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1993;
91
709-722
-
266
Haugaard L, Dahl R.
Immunotherapy in patients allergic to cat and dog dander. I. Clinical results.
Allergy.
1992;
47
249-254
-
267
Hedlin G, Graff-Lonnevig V, Heilborn H. et al .
Immunotherapy with cat- and dog-dander extracts. V. Effects of 3 years treatment.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1991;
87
955-964
-
268
Hepner M J, Ownby D R, Anderson J A, Rowe M S, Sears Ewald D, Brown E B.
Risk of systemic reactions in patients taking beta-blocker drugs receiving allergen immunotherapy injections.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1990;
86
407-411
-
269
Kelso J M, Jones R T, Tellez R, Yunginger J W.
Oral allergy syndrome successfully treated with pollen immunotherapy.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
1995;
74
391-396
-
270
Büchner K, Siepe M.
Nutzen der Hyposensibilisierung unter wirtschaftlichen Aspekten.
Allergo Journal.
1995;
4
156-163
-
271
Bousquet J, Maasch H J, Martinot B, Hejjaoui A, Wahl R, Michel F B.
Double blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen allergoids. II. Comparison between parameters assessing the efficacy of immunotherapy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1988;
82
439-446
-
272
Ewan P W, Alexander M M, Snape C, Ind P W, Agrell B, Dreborg S.
Effective hyposensitization in allergic rhinitis using a potent partially purified extract of house dust mite.
Clin Allergy.
1988;
18
501-508
-
273 Alves B, Sheikh A, Hurwitz B, Durham S R. Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane library. Update Software. Oxford; The Cochrane Library, Issue 2 2003
-
274
Malling H-J, Weeke B.
Immunotherapy. Position Paper of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI).
Allergy.
1993;
48(Suppl)
9-35
-
275
Dolz I, Martinez-Cócera C, Bartolomé J M.
Double-blind,placebo-controlled study of immunotherapy with grass-pollen extract Alutard SQ during a 3-year period with initial rush immunotherapy.
Allergy.
1996;
51
489-500
-
276
Pastorello E, Pravettoni V, Mambretti M.
Clinical and immunological effects of immunotherapy with alum-absorbed grass allergoid in grass-pollen-induced hay fever.
Allergy.
1992;
47
281-290
-
277
Grammer L C, Shaughnessy M A, Bernhard M I.
The safety and activity of polymerized ragweed: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 81 patients with ragweed rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1987;
80
177-183
-
278
Jacobsen L, Nuchel Petersen B, Wihl J A. et al .
Immunotherapy with partially purified and standardized tree pollen extracts. IV. Results from long-term 6-year follow-up.
Allergy.
1997;
52
914-920
-
279
Olsen O T, Frølund L, Heinig J H.
A double-blind randomized study investigating the efficacy and specificity of immunotherapy with Artemisia vulgaris or Phleum pratense/Betula verrucosa.
Allergol Immunopathol.
1995;
23
73-78
-
280
D’Amato G, Kordash T R, Liccardi G. et al .
Immunotherapy with Alpare® in patients with respiratory allergy to parietaria pollen: a two year double-blind placebo-controlled study.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1995;
25
149-158
-
281
Tari M G, Mancino M, Ghezzi E. et al .
Immunotherapy with an alum-adsorbed Parietaria-pollen allergoid: a 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Allergy.
1997;
52
65-74
-
282
Bucur J, Dreborg S, Einarsson R.
Immunotherapy with dog and cat allergen preparations in dog-sensitive and cat-sensitive asthmatics.
Ann Allergy.
1989;
62
355-361
-
283
Horst M, Hejjaoui A, Horst V. et al .
Double-blind, placebo-controlled rush immunotherapy with a standardized Alternaria extract.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1990;
85
460-472
-
284
Tryba A, Ahnefeld F W, Barth J. et al .
Akuttherapie anaphylaktoider Reaktionen.
Allergo J.
1994;
3
211-224
-
285
Zenner H P, Baumgarten C, Rasp G, Fuchs T, Kunkel G, Hauswald B, Ring J, Effendy I, Behrendt W, Frosch P J, Przybilla B, Brunner F X, Merk H F, Kapp A, Schnitker J, Wolf H.
Short-term immunotherapy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of molecular standardized grass and rye allergens in patients with grass pollen-induced allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1997;
100
23-29
-
286
Norman P S, Creticos P S, Marsh D G.
Frequency of booster injections of allergoids.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1990;
85
88-94
-
287
Norman P S, Lichtenstein L M, Kagey-Sobotka A, Marsh D.
Controlled evaluation of allergoid in the immunotherapy of ragweed hay fever.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1982;
70 (4)
248-260
-
288
Maasch H J, Marsh D G.
Standardized extracts modified allergens-allergoids.
Clin Rev Allergy.
1987;
5 (1)
89-106
-
289
Tabar A I, Garcia B E, Rodriguez A, Olaguibel J M, Muro M D, Quirce S.
A prospective safety-monitoring study of immunotherapy with biologically standardized extracts.
Allergy.
1993;
48
450-453
-
290
Pichler C E, Marquardsen A, Sparholt S, Lowenstein H, Bircher A, Bischof M, Pichler W J.
Specific immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae results in decreased bronchial hyperreactivity.
Allergy.
1997;
52 (3)
274-283
-
291
Bousquet J, Hejjaoui A, Skassa-Brociek W, Guerin B, Maasch H J, Dhivert H, Michel F B.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollenallergoids. I. Rush immunotherapy with allergoids and standardized orchardgrass-pollen extract.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1987;
80
591-598
-
292
Hansen I, Stuck B A, Schneider-Gene S, Mösges R, Hörmann K, Klimek L.
Cluster-Immuntherapie bei allergischer Rhino-Konjunktivitis.
Allergologie.
2002;
25
549-556
-
293
Hansen I, Hörmann K, Stuck B A, Schneider-Gene S, Mösges R, Klimek L.
Cluster-Immuntherapie bei saisonaler allergischer Rhinitis: Erfahrungen zur Sicherheit einer Initialtherapie mit Depot-Allergoiden (Purethal®).
Allergologie.
2003;
82
558-563
-
294
Mellerup M T, Hahn G W, Poulsen L K, Malling H J.
Safety of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Relation between dosage regimen, allergen extract, disease and systemic side-effects during induction treatment.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2000;
30
1423-1429
-
295
Udall J N, Walker W A.
Antigentransport im Darm.
Allergologie.
1984;
7
263-269
-
296
Lin L M, Mac Pherson C G.
Antigen acquisition by dendritic cells: intestinal dendritic cells acquire antigen administered orally and can prime naive T cells in vivo.
J Exp Med.
1993;
177
1299-1305
-
297
Feinberg S M, Foran E L, Lichtenstein M R.
Oral therapy in ragweed pollinosis, a comparative study.
J Amer Med Assoc.
1940;
115
23-29
-
298
Jorde W.
Sublinguale und orale Hyposensibilisierung.
Allergologie.
1996;
19
563-592
-
299
Björksten B, Dreborg S, Lanner A.
Oral immunotherapy of children with rhinoconjunctivitis due to birch pollen allergy.
Allergy.
1986;
41
271-279
-
300
Möller C, Magnusson K E, Sundqvist T.
Intestinal permeability as assessed with polyethylene glycols in birch pollen allergic children undergoing oral immunotherapy.
Allergy.
1986;
41
280-285
-
301
Taudorf E, Laursen L, Lanner A.
Specific IgE, IgG and IgA antibody response to oral immunotherapy in birch pollinosis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1989;
83
589-594
-
302
Van Niekerk C, De Wat J.
Efficacy of grass-maize pollen oral immunotherapy in patients with seasonal hay fever: a double blind study.
Clin Allergy.
1987;
17
507-551
-
303 Wortmann F. Behandlungserfolge bei oraler Hyposensibilisierung. In: Gronemeyer W, Fuchs E (Hrsg) Karenz und Hyposensibilisierung bei Inhalations- und Insektengiftallergie. München-Deisenhofen; Dustri 1983: 103-115
-
304 Passalacqua G, Canonica G W. XVI Congress of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. XVI ECACI Madrid; 1995: 1033-1038
-
305
Urbanek R, Kuhn W, Binder U.
Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit oraler und parenteraler Hyposensibilisierung mit Pollen-Extrakten.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
1993;
108
1433-1437
-
306
Igea J M, Cuevas M, Lazaro M.
Susceptibility of a grass-pollen immunotherapy extract to the saliva and gastric fluid digestive process. Allergol Immunopathol 1994; 22 : 55 - 59 inflammation.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1994;
21
206-210
-
307
Einarsson R, Renck B, Taudorf E.
In vitro studies of degradation of birch and timothy pollen allergen preparation by human duodenal juice.
Allergy.
1989;
43
469-472
-
308 Wilson D R, Torres Lima M, Durham S R. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software; 2003
-
309 Bousquet J. Report of WHO-meeting on the future of immunotherapy. Allergie-Symposium Berlin 20 - 22 Juni 1997 1997: 46-47
-
310
Passalacqua G.
Oral and sublingual immunotherapy in paediatric patients.
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol.
2003;
2
139-145
-
311
Andri L, Senna G, Andri G, Dama A, Givanni S, Betteli C. et al .
Local nasal immunotherapy for birch allergic rhinitis with extract in powder form.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1995;
25
1092-1099
-
312
Cirla A M, Sforza N, Roffi G P, Alessandrini A, Stanizzi R, Dorigo N. et al .
Preseasonal intranasal immunotherapy in birch-alder allergic rhinitis. A double-blind study.
Allergy.
1996;
51
299-305
-
313
Andri L, Senna G, Betteli C, Givanni S, Andri G, Dimitri G.
Local nasal immunotherapy with extract in powder form is effective and safe in grass pollen rhinitis: a double-blind study.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1996;
97
34-41
-
314
Bertoni M, Cosmi F, Bianchi I, di Berardino L.
Clinical efficacy and tolerability of a steady dosage schedule of local nasal immunotherapy. Results of preseasonal treatment in grass pollen rhinitis.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
1999;
82
47-51
-
315
Georgitis J W, Reisman R E, Clayton W F, Mueller U R, Wypych J I, Arbesman C E.
Local intranasal immunotherapy for grass-allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1983;
71
71-76
-
316
Johansson S G, Deuschl H, Zetterstrom O.
Use of glutaraldehydemodified timothy grass pollen extract in nasal hyposensitization treatment of hay fever.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol.
1979;
60
447-460
-
317
Gaglani B, Borish L, Bartelson B L, Buchmeier A, Keller L, Nelson H S.
Nasal immunotherapy in weed-induced allergic rhinitis.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
1997;
79
259-265
-
318
Georgitis J W, Nickelsen J A, Wypych J I, Barde S H, Clayton W F, Reisman R E.
Local intranasal immunotherapy with high-dose polymerized ragweed extract.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol.
1986;
81
170-173
-
319
Georgitis J W, Nickelsen J A, Wypych J I, Kane J H, Reisman R E.
Local nasal immunotherapy: efficacy of low-dose aqueous ragweed extract.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1985;
75
496-500
-
320
Nickelsen J A, Goldstein S, Mueller U, Wypych J, Reisman R E, Arbesman C E.
Local intranasal immunotherapy for ragweed allergic rhinitis. I. Clinical response.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1981;
68
33-40
-
321
Schumacher M J, Pain M C.
Intranasal immunotherapy and polymerized grass pollen allergens.
Allergy.
1982;
37
241-248
-
322
Welsh P W, Zimmermann E M, Yunginger J W, Kern E B, Gleich G J.
Preseasonal intranasal immunotherapy with nebulized short ragweed extract.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1981;
67
237-242
-
323
Andri L, Senna G E, Betteli C, Givanni S, Andri G, Falagiani P. et al .
Local nasal immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis to Parietaria. A doubleblind controlled study.
Allergy.
1992;
47
318-323
-
324
D’Amato G, Lobefalo G, Liccardi G, Cazzola M.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of local nasal immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis to Parietaria pollen.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1995;
25
141-148
-
325
Passalacqua G, Albano M, Ruffoni S, Pronzato C, Riccio A M, Di-Berardino L. et al .
Nasal immunotherapy to Parietaria: evidence of reduction of local allergic inflammation.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
152
461-466
-
326
Andri L, Senna G, Betteli C, Givanni S, Andri G, Falagiani P.
Local nasal immunotherapy for Dermatophagoides-induced rhinitis: efficacy of a powder extract.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1993;
91
987-996
-
327
Bardare M, Zani G, Novembre E, Vierucci A.
Local nasal immunotherapy with a powdered extract for grass pollen induced rhinitis in pediatric age.
J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol.
1996;
6
359-363
-
328
Valenta R, Vrtala S.
Recombinant allergens for specific immunotherapy.
Allergy.
1999;
56
43-44
-
329
Briner T J.
Peripheral T-cell tolerance induced in naive and primed mice by subcutaneous injection of peptides from the major cat allergen Fel d 1.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1993;
90
7608-7612
-
330
Norman P S, Ohman J Jr, Long A A, Creticos P S, Gefter M A, Shaked Z. et al .
Treatment of cat allergy with T-cell reactive peptides.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
154
1623-1628
-
331
Pene J. et al .
Immunotherapy with Fel d 1 peptides decreases IL-4 release by peripheral-blood T cells of patients allergic to cats.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
102
571-578
-
332
Simons F E, Imada M, Li Y, Watson W T, HayGlass K T.
Fel d 1 peptides: effect on skin tests and cytokine synthesis in cat-allergic human subjects.
Int Immunol.
1996;
8
1937-1945
-
333
Oldfield W L, Kay A B, Larche M.
Allergen-derived T-cell peptide-induced late asthmatic reactions precede the induction of antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness in atopic allergic asthmatic subjects.
J Immunol.
2001;
167
1734-1739
-
334
Fasler S, Aversa G, de Vries J E, Yssel H.
Antagonistic peptides specifically inhibit proliferation, cytokine production, CD40L expression and help for IgE synthesis by Der p1-specific human T-cell clones.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
101
521-530
-
335
Vrtala S, Hirtenlehner K, Susani M, Akdis M, Kussebi F, Akdis C A. et al .
Genetic engineering of a hypoallergenic trimer of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1.
FASEB J.
2001;
15
2045-2047
-
336
Vrtala S, Akdis C A, Budak F, Akdis M, Blaser K, Kraft D. et al .
T cell epitope-containing hypoallergenic recombinant fragments of the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, induce blocking antibodies.
J Immunol.
2000;
165
6653-6659
-
337
Wiedermann U, Herz U, Baier K, Vrtala S, Neuhaus-Steinmetz U, Bohle B.
Intranasal treatment with a recombinant hypoallergenic derivative of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 prevents allergic sensitization and airway inflammation in mice.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol.
2001;
126
68-77
-
338
Schou C.
Advantages and disadvantages of recombinant allergens and peptides for specific immunotherapy.
Adv Exp Med Biol.
1996;
409
137-140
-
339
Ferreira F, Hirtenlehner K, Briza P. et al .
Isoforms of atopic allergens with reduced allergenicity but conserved T cell antigenicity: possible use for specific immunotherapy.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol.
1997;
113
125-127
-
340
Sur S, Wild J S, Choudury B K, Sur N, Alam R, Klinman D M.
Long-term prevention of allergic lung inflammation in a mouse model of asthma by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.
J Immunol.
1999;
162
6284-6293
-
341
Tighe H, Takabayashi K, Schwartz D, van Nest G, Tuck S, Eiden J J. et al .
Conjugation of immunostimulatory DNA to the short ragweed allergen Amb a1 enhances its immunogenicity and reduces its allergenicity.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2000;
106
124-134
-
342
Marshall J D, Abtahi S, Eiden J J, Tuck S, Milley R, Haycock F. et al .
Immunostimulatory sequence DNA linked to the Amb a 1 allergen promotes Th1 cytokine expression while downregulating Th2 cytokine expression in PBMCs from human patients with ragweed allergy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2001;
108
191-197
-
343
Raz E, Tighe H, Sato Y. et al .
Preferential induction of a Th 1 immune response and inhibition of specific IgE antibody formation by plasmid DNA immunization.
Proc Nat Acad Sci USA.
1996;
93
5141-5145
-
344
Casale T B, Bernstein I L, Busse W W, LaForce C F, Tinkelman D G, Stoltz R R, Dockhorn R J, Reimann J, Su J Q, Fick R B Jr, Adelman D C.
Use of an anti-IgE humanized monoclonal antibody in ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1997;
100
110-112
-
345
Adelroth E, Rak S, Haahtela T, Aasand G, Rosenhall L, Zetterstrom O, Byrne A, Champain K, Thirlwell J, Cioppa G D, Sandstrom T.
Recombinant humanized mAb-E25, an anti-IgE mAb, in birch pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2000;
106
253-259
-
346
Kuehr J, Brauburger J, Zielen S, Schauer U, Kamin W, von Berg A, Leupold W, Bergmann K C, Rolinck-Werninghaus C, Grave M, Hultsch T, Wahn U.
Efficacy of combination treatment with anti-IgE plus specific immunotherapy in polysensitized children and adolescents with seasonal allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2002;
109
274-280
-
347
Cuss F M.
Therapeutic effects of antibodies to interleukin-5.
Allergy.
1998;
53 (45 Suppl)
89-92
-
348
Lotvall J, Pullerits T.
Treating asthma with anti-IgE or anti-IL5.
Curr Pharm Des.
1999;
5
757-770
-
349
Buttner C, Lun A, Splettstoesser T, Kunkel G, Renz H.
Monoclonal anti-interleukin-5 treatment suppresses eosinophil but not T-cell functions.
Eur Respir J.
2003;
21(5)
799-803
-
350
Barnes P J.
Cytokine modulators as novel therapies for asthma.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol.
2002;
42
81-98
-
351
Renz H.
Soluble interleukin-4 receptor (sIL-4R) in allergic diseases.
Inflamm Res.
1999;
48
425-431
-
352
Griffiths-Johnson D A, Collins P D, Jose P J, Williams T J.
Animal models of asthma: role of chemokines.
Methods Enzymol.
1997;
288
241-266
-
353
Wells T N, Proudfoot A E.
Chemokine receptors and their antagonists in allergic lung disease.
Inflamm Res.
1999;
48
353-362
-
354
Metzger W J.
Therapeutic approaches to asthma based on VLA-4 integrin and its counter receptors.
Springer Semin Immunopathol.
1995;
16
467-478
-
355
Lin K, Ateeq H S, Hsiung S H, Chong L T, Zimmerman C N, Castro A. et al .
Selective, tight-binding inhibitors of integrin alpha4beta1 that inhibit allergic airway responses.
J Med Chem.
1999;
42
920-934
-
356
Bachert C, die K onsensusgruppe.
Die nasale Hyperreaktivität - Die allergische Rhinitis und ihre Differentialdiagnosen.
Allergologie.
1997;
20
39-52
-
357
Settipane A, Liebermann P.
Update on nonallergic rhinitis.
Ann allergy asthma immunol.
2001;
86
494-508
-
358
Mullarkey M F, Hill J S, Webb D R.
Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: their characterization with attention to the meaning of nasal eosinophilia.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1980;
65
122-126
-
359
Hansen B, Mygind N.
How often do normal persons sneeze and blow the nose?.
Rhinology.
2002;
40
10-12
-
360
Riechelmann H, Bachert C, Goldschmidt O, Hauswald B, Klimek L, Schlenter W, Tasman A, Wagenmann M.
Durchführung des nasalen Provokationstests bei Erkrankungen der oberen Atemwege - Positionspapier der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie (Sektion HNO) gemeinsam mit der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Klinische Immunologie, Allergologie und Umweltmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie.
Allergologie 2002; 25 : 489 - 496 und Allergo-Journal.
2002;
11
29-36
-
361
Goldschmidt O, Mösges R, Klimek L, Hauswald B, Schapowal A.
Die Reaktion der Nasenschleimhaut bei gesunden Probanden auf Histaminprovokation.
Allergologie.
1998;
21
141-149
-
362
Enberg R N.
Perennial nonallergic rhinitis: a retrospective review.
Ann Allergy.
1989;
63
513-516
-
363 Data presented at the National Allergy Advisory Council Meeting (NAAC) .The broad spectrum of rhinitis: etiology, diagnosis, and advances in treatment. St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands; October 16, 1999
-
364
Herbert M K, Holzer P.
Neurogenic inflammation. I. Basic mechanisms, physiology and pharmacology.
Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther.
2002;
37
314-325
-
365
Meggs W J, Elsheik T, Metzger W J, Albernaz M, Bloch R M.
Nasal pathology and ultrastructure in patients with chronic airway inflammation (RADS and RUDS) following an irritant exposure.
J Toxicol Clin Toxicol.
1996;
34(4)
383-396
-
366
Proud D, Bailey G S, Naclerio R M. et al .
Tryptase and histamine as markers to evaluate mast cell activation during the responses to nasal challenge with allergen, cold, dry air, and hyperosmolarsolutions.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1992;
89
1098-1110
-
367
Togias A G, Naclerio R M, Proud D. et al .
Nasal challenge with cold, dry air results in the production of inflammatory mediators: possible mast cells involvement.
J Clin Invest.
1985;
76
1375-1381
-
368
Raphael G D, Hauptschein-Raphael M, Kaliner M A.
Gustatory rhinitis.
Am J Rhinol.
1989;
3
145
-
369 Bascom R. Air Pollution. In: Mygind N, Naclerio RM (eds) Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis. Copenhagen; Munksgaard 1993: 33-36
-
370
Black A, Evans J C, Hadfield E H. et al .
Impairment of nasal mucociliary clearance in woodworkers in the furniture industry.
Br J Ind Med.
1974;
31
10-17
-
371
Coggins C R, Fouillet X L, Lam R, Morgan K T.
Cigarette smoke induced pathology of the rat respiratory tract: a comparison of the effects of the particulate and vapour phases.
Toxicology.
1980;
16
83-101
-
372
Graham D, Henderson F, House D.
Neutrophil influx measured in nasal lavages of humans exposed to ozone.
Arch Environ Health.
1988;
43
228-233
-
373
Lindberg S, Malm L.
Comparison of allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis patients on the basis of a computer questionnaire.
Allergy.
1993;
48
602-607
-
374
Togias A.
Age relationships and clinical features of nonallergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1990;
85
182-191
-
375
Kondo H, Nachtigal D, Frenkiel S. et al .
Effect of steroids on nasal inflammatory cells and cytokine profile.
Laryngoscope.
1999;
109
91-97
-
376
Malm L, Wihl J A.
Intra-nasal beclomethasone diproprionate in vasomotor rhinitis.
Acta Allergol.
1976;
31
245-253
-
377
Wight R G, Jones A S, Beckingham E. et al .
A double blind comparison of intranasal budesonide 400 micrograms and 800 micrograms in perennial rhinitis.
Clin Otolaryngol.
1992;
17
354-358
-
378
Banov C, Laforce C, Lieberman P.
Double-blind trial of Astelin nasal spray in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
2000;
84
138
-
379
Grossman J, Banov C, Boggs P. et al .
Use of ipratropium bromide nasal spray in chronic treatment of nonallergic perennial rhinitis, alone and in combination with other perennial rhinitis medications.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1995;
95
1123-1127
-
380
Bende M, Rundcrantz H.
Treatment of perennial secretory rhinitis.
Orl J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec.
1985;
47
303-306
-
381
Borum P, Mygind N, Schultz Larsen F.
Intranasal ipratropium: a new treatment for perennial rhinitis.
Clin Otolaryngol.
1979;
4
407-411
-
382
Dolovich J, Kennedy L, Vickerson F, Kazim F.
Control of the hypersecretion of vasomotor rhinitis by topical ipratropium bromide.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1987;
80
274-278
-
383
Knight A, Kazim F, Salvatori V A.
A trial of intranasal Atrovent versus placebo in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis.
Ann Allergy.
1986;
3
445-542
-
384
Malmberg H, Grahne B, Holopainen E, Binder E.
Ipratropium (Atrovent) in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis of elderly patients.
Clin Otolaryngol.
1983;
8
273-276
-
385
el-Guindy A.
Endoscopic transseptal vidian neurectomy.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1994;
120
1347-1351
-
386
Dong Z.
Anterior ethmoidal electrocoagulation in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis.
Zhonhua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi.
1991;
26
358-359, 383
-
387
Fernandes C M.
Bilateral transnasal vidian neurectomy in the management of chronic rhinitis.
J Laryngol Otol.
1994;
108
569-573
-
388
Prasanna A, Murthy P S.
Vasomotor rhinitis and sphenopalatine ganglion block.
J Pain Symptom Manage.
1997;
13
332-338
-
389
Mladina R, Risavi R, Subaric M.
CO2 laser anterior turbinectomy in the treatment of non-allergic vasomotor rhinopathia. A prospective study upon 78 patients.
Rhinology.
1991;
29
267-271
-
390
Filiaci F, Zambetti G, Ciofalo A, Luce M, Masieri S, Lovecchio A.
Local treatment of aspecific nasal hyperreactivity with capsaicin.
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr).
1994;
22
264-268
-
391
Blom H M, van Rijswijk J B, Garrelds I M, Mulder P GH, Timmermans T, Gerth van Wijk R.
Intranasal capsaicin is efficacious in non-allergic, non-infectious perennial rhinitis. A placebo-controlled study.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1997;
27
796-801
-
392
Blom H M, Severijnen L A, van Rijswijk J B, Mulder P G, van Wijk R G, Fokkens W J.
The long-term effects of capsaicin 1798 aqueous spray on the nasal mucosa.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1998;
28
1351-1358
-
393
Stjaerne P, Lundblad L, Änggard A. et al .
Local capsaicin treatment of the nasal mucosa reduces symptoms in patients with nonallergic nasal hyperreactivity.
Am J Rhinology.
1991;
5
145-151
-
394
Stjaerne P, Rinder J, Heden-Blomquist E. et al .
Capsaicin desensitization of the nasal mucosa reduces symptoms upon allergen challenge in patients with allergic rhinitis.
Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh).
1998;
118
235-239
-
395
Umstadt H E.
Botulinum toxin in oromaxillofacial surgery.
Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir.
2002;
6
249-260
-
396
Rohrbach S, Laskawi R.
Botulinum Toxin in ENT Medicine.
Laryngo-Rhino-Otol.
2003;
82
202-218
-
397
Kim K S, Kim S S, Yoon J H, Han J W.
The effect of botulinum toxin type A injection for intrinsic rhinitis.
J Laryngol Otol.
1998;
112 (3)
248-251
-
398
Bushara K O.
Botulinum toxin and rhinorrhea.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1996;
114 (3)
507-511
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Claudia Rudack
HNO-Klinik, UK Münster
Kardinal-von-Galen-Ring 10 · 48149 Münster
eMail: rudack@uni-muenster.de
