Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2005; 26(3): 193-199
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-817923
Physiology & Biochemistry

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Swimming and Cycling Overloaded Training in Triathlon has no Effect on Running Kinematics and Economy

S. Palazzetti1 , I. Margaritis1 , C. Y. Guezennec2
  • 1Laboratoire de Physiologie des Adaptations, Performance Motrice et Santé. Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, France
  • 2Département de Physiologie, IMASSA-CERMA, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
Further Information

Publication History

Accepted after revision: January 12, 2004

Publication Date:
26 August 2004 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The aim of the study was to verify whether an overloaded training (OT) in triathlon deteriorates running kinematics (RK) and running economy (RE). Thirteen well-trained male long-distance triathletes (age: 28.1 ± 4.3 yrs; V·O2max: 65.0 ± 3.1 ml O2 · min-1 · kg-1) were divided into two groups: completed an individualized OT program (OG; n = 7) or maintained a normal level of training (NT) (CG; n = 6) for a duration of 3 weeks. Every week, each triathlete completed a standardized questionnaire to quantify the influence of training loads on mood state. To reach OT, total training load (h · 3 wk-1) was increased by 24 %; swimming and cycling total volumes were increased by 46 and 57 %, respectively, but the distance run was not modified in order to limit the risk of injuries. RK and RE were determined on treadmill test at 12 km · h-1 before and after the 3 weeks. The 3-week swimming and cycling OT in triathlon was sufficiently stressful to alter mood state but not to deteriorate the running kinematics and economy parameters in our previously well-trained male long-distance triathletes.

Key words

Overloaded training - running kinematics - running economy - triathlon

References

  • 1 Armstrong R B, Marum P, Saubert C W, Seeherman H J, Taylor R C. Muscle fiber activity as a function of speed and gait.  J Appl Physiol. 1977;  43 672-677
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Astrand I, Astrand P O, Hallbäck A, Kilbom A. Reduction in maximal oxygen uptake with age.  J Appl Physiol. 1973;  35 649-654
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Bailey S P, Messier S P. Variations in stride length and running economy in male novice runners subsequent to a seven-week training program.  Int J Sports Med. 1991;  12 299-304
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Borg G AV. Perceived exertion.  Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1974;  2 131-153
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Brisswalter J, Legros P, Durey A. Variabilité du coût énergétique de la course à pied: Effets de la spécificité de la vitesse d'entraînement sur l'évolution des paramètres physiologiques et cinématiques de la course à pied.  Science & Motricité. 1995;  25 3-11
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Cavanagh P R, Williams K R. The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;  14 30-35
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Conley D L, Krahenbuhl G S. Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;  12 357-360
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Costill D L, Fink W L, Getchell L H, Ivy J L, Witzmann F A. Lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle of endurance-trained males and females.  J Appl Physiol. 1979;  47 787-791
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Dengel D R, Flynn M G, Costill D L, Kirwan J P. Determinants of success during triathlon competition.  Res Q Exerc Sport. 1989;  60 234-238
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Dick R, Cavanagh P. An explanation of the upward drift in oxygen uptake during prolonged sub-maximal downhill running.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;  19 310-317
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 di Prampero P E. The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water.  Int J Sports Med. 1986;  7 55-72
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Elliot B, Ackland T. Biomechanical effects of fatigue on 10 000 meter running technique.  Res Q Exerc Sport. 1981;  52 160-166
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Flynn M G, Pizza F X, Boone Jr J B, Andres F F, Michaud T A, Rodriguez-Zayas J R. Indices of training stress during competitive running and swimming seasons.  Int J Sports Med. 1994;  15 21-26
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Fry R W, Morton A R, Keast D. Periodisation of training stress - A review.  Can J Sport Sci. 1992;  17 234-240
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Fry R W, Morton A R, Keast D. Overtraining in athletes: An update.  Sports Med. 1991;  12 32-65
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Guezennec C Y, Vallier J M, Bigard A X, Durey A. Increase in energy cost at the end of a triathlon.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1996;  73 440-445
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Hausswirth C, Lehenaff D. Physiological demands of running during long distance runs and triathlons.  Sports Med. 2001;  31 679-689
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Hausswirth C, Bigard A X, Guezennec C Y. Relationships between running mechanics and energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon and a marathon.  Int J Sports Med. 1997;  18 330-339
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Hausswirth C, Bigard A X, Berthelot M, Thomaïdis M, Guezennec C Y. Variability in energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon and a marathon.  Int J Sports Med. 1996;  17 572-579
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 James S L, Brubaker C E. Biomechanical and neuromuscular aspects of running. Wilmore JH Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. Vol. 1. New York; Academic Press 1973: 189-216
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 21 Jeukendrup A E, Hesselink M KC, Snyder A C, Kuipers H, Keizer H A. Physiological changes in male competitive cyclists after two weeks of intensified training.  Int J Sports Med. 1992;  13 534-541
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Jones B H, Cowan D N, Knapik J J. Exercise, training and injuries.  Sports Med. 1994;  18 202-214
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Kuipers H, Keizer H A. Overtraining in elite athletes: Review and directions for the future.  Sports Med. 1988;  6 79-92
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Lake M J, Cavanagh P R. Six weeks of training does not change running mechanics or improve running economy.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;  28 860-869
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Legros P. le groupe Surentraînement . Le surentraînement: diagnostic des manifestations psychocomportementales précoces.  Science Sport. 1993;  8 71-74
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Margaritis I, Palazzetti S, Rousseau A S, Richard M J, Favier A. Antioxidant supplementation and tapering improve exercise-induced antioxidant response.  J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;  22 147-156
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Margaritis I. Facteurs limitants de la performance en triathlon.  Can J Appl Physiol. 1996;  21 1-15
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Morgan D W, Martin P E, Krahenbuhl G S, Baldini F D. Variability in running economy and mechanics among trained male runners.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;  23 378-383
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Morgan D W, Martin P E, Krahenbuhl G S. Factors affecting running economy.  Sports Med. 1989;  7 310-330
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Morgan W P, Costill D L, Flynn M G, Raglin J S, O'Connor P J. Mood disturbance following increased training in swimmers.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;  20 408-414
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Olgiati R, Jacquest J, di Prampero P E. Energy cost of walking and extertional dyspnea in multiple sclerosis.  Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;  134 1005-1010
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Palazzetti S, Richard M J, Favier A, Margaritis I. Overloaded training increases exercise-induced oxidative stress and damage.  Can J Appl Physiol. 2003;  28 588-604
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Palazzetti S, Margaritis I. Does overtraining occur in triathletes?.  Biol Sport. 2003;  20 139-146
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Poole D C. Role of exercising muscle in slow component of V·O2.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;  26 1335-1340
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Siegel S. Nonparametric Statistics. New York; McGraw-Hill 1956
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 36 Verde T, Thomas S, Shephard R J. Potential markers of heavy training in highly trained distance runners.  Br J Sports Med. 1992;  26 167-175
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Williams K R. Mechanical and physiological adaptations to alterations in running stride length.  Med Sci Sports Med. 1991;  23 6
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Williams K R, Cavanagh P R. Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance.  J Appl Physiol. 1987;  63 1236-1245
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar

S. Palazzetti

Laboratoire de Physiologie des Adaptations, Performance Motrice et Santé · Faculté des Sciences du Sport · Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis

261 Route de Grenoble, BP 3259

06205 Nice Cedex 3

France

Fax: + 33 4 93 83 06 30

Email: palazzet@unice.fr