Zusammenfassung
Voraussetzung für eine optimale Versorgung von Hörstörungen sind detaillierte Kenntnisse über die Anatomie und Physiologie des Ohres und der Hörbahn, aber auch über Veränderungen der physiologischen Prozesse beim Vorliegen von Hörstörungen unterschiedlicher Genese. Der vorliegende Artikel versucht einige Aspekte der Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Hörwahrnehmung darzustellen. Dabei wird die Lautheitsempfindung aber auch die Frequenzunterscheidung anhand modellhafter Vorstellungen, sowie anhand einer Auswahl experimenteller Untersuchungen dargestellt. Einen Schwerpunkt des Artikels stellt die Schilderung der Physiologie des binauralen Hörens dar, die in den letzten Jahren im Zusammenhang mit der beidohrigen Versorgung mit apparativen Hörhilfen in den Fokus des Interesses gelangt ist. Hierbei werden klassische Modelle des binauralen Hörens wie auch aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse besprochen.
Abstract
Obtaining knowledge on the physiology of hearing is one of the major prerequisites of the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss. This article gives a review on some basic principles as well as recent research on the sensation of loudness, frequency discrimination and the temporal processing of sound. Some principles of auditory processing within the cochlear and in the central auditory system are shown in normal as well as listeners with impaired hearing. As there has been increasing interest in binaural hearing the physiological basis of directional hearing is discussed in more detail. In particular the Jeffress model of binaural hearing as one of the classical models of binaural hearing is shown as well as recent research work that emphasizes the role of inhibitory innervation within the brainstem.
Schlüsselwörter
Lautheitsempfindung - Recruitment - Frequenzdifferenzierung - Richtungsgehör - Jeffress-Modell
Key words
hearing loss - loudness - frequency discrimination - critical bandwidth - binaural hearing - directional hearing
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Dr. Wolfgang Delb
Universitäts-HNO-Klinik
Kirrbergerstr.
66421 Homburg/Saar
eMail: hnowdel@uniklinik-saarland.de
