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DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-825247
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Neues und Altbewährtes - Diagnostik und Therapie des ischämischen Hirninfarktes
The New and the Well-tried - Diagnosis and Treatment of Ischaemic StrokePublication History
Publication Date:
30 April 2004 (online)
Zusammenfassung
In den letzten Jahren haben sich Akuttherapie und Prävention des ischämischen Hirninfarktes deutlich verbessert. Durch die Einrichtung von neurologischen Schlaganfallstationen, die Zulassung der Thrombolyse und neuer Thrombozytenfunktionshemmer stehen differenzierte Behandlungsstrategien zur Verfügung. Das multimodale Schlaganfall-MRT ist eine dem kraniellen Computertomogramm (CCT) in der Akutphase überlegene Methode, mit der früh die Pathogenese und die Prognose abgeschätzt werden können. Patienten mit perakuten oder instabilen Hirninfarkten sollten auf einer Schlaganfallstation behandelt werden. In den ersten drei Stunden nach Auftreten der Symptome ist die intravenöse Thrombolyse mit t-PA eine sichere und effektive Therapie. Eine gesicherte Indikation für intravenöses Heparin beim Schlaganfall gibt es nicht. Zur Prophylaxe können heute je nach individuellem Risikoprofil verschiedene Thrombozytenfunktionshemmer neben der oralen Antikoagulation eingesetzt werden. Patienten mit hochgradigen, symptomatischen Karotis-interna-Stenosen sollten einer Thrombendarterektomie zugeführt werden, in Einzelfällen kann auch eine Stent-Angioplastie indiziert sein. Die frühe osteoklastische Trepanation bei raumfordernden Hirninfarkten ist eine lebensrettende und das klinische Endergebnis verbessernde Maßnahme. Die zunehmend differenzierte Diagnostik und Therapie des ischämischen Hirninfarktes erfordern auf der Basis der neurologischen Schlaganfallexpertise eine intensive interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit.
Summary
Acute treatment and prevention of ischaemic stroke have improved significantly in recent years. Stroke units, the approval of thrombolysis and new platelet inhibitors offer innovative treatment strategies. The multimodal stroke MRI is superior to CCT in predicting the pathogenesis and prognosis in the acute phase of stroke. Patients with acute or unstable stroke should be treated on a stroke unit. Intravenous thrombolysis with t-PA is safe and effective in the first three hours after onset of symptoms. Intravenous heparin in stroke is not an evidence-based treatment. For stroke prevention, various platelet inhibitors and oral anticoagulation can be used according to the patients risk profile. Endarterectomy should be performed in patients with symptomatic, severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery. In individual patients stent-angioplasty can be considered. Early decompressive craniectomy can be life-saving and improves the clinical outcome in space-occupying cerebral infarctions. The increasingly sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in ischaemic stroke require intensive interdisciplinary cooperation based on the neurological stroke expertise.
Key Words
stroke-unit - thrombolysis - stroke-prevention - diagnostic facilities
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1 national institut of neurological disorders and stroke
2 european cooperative acute stroke study
3 north american symptomatic carotid endarterectomy trial
4 european carotid surgery trial
5 stenting and angioplasty with protection in patients at high risk for endarterectomy
6 stentgeschützte perkutane Angioplastie der Karotis vs. Endarterektomie
Anschrift für die Verfasser
Dr. J. Philipps
Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum Minden
Friedrichstr. 17
32427 Minden