Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die essenzielle Thrombozythämie (ET) ist eine erworbene, myeloproliferative Erkrankung (MPD) mit exzessiver Produktion von Thrombozyten. Sie ist eine Erkrankung des Erwachsenenalters, selten wird die Diagnose bereits im Kindesalter gestellt. Patienten und Methoden: In dieser retrospektiven Analyse wird der Krankheitsverlauf von 12 Kindern im Alter von 5-16 Jahren, bei denen die Verdachtsdiagnose einer ET gestellt wurde, beschrieben. Ergebnisse: Die mediane Beobachtungszeit der Krankheitsverläufe lag bei 59 Monaten (10-72). Bei Diagnosestellung hatten 7 Patienten klinische Beschwerden (Synkope, Konzentrationsschwäche, Abgeschlagenheit, Bauchschmerzen, Flankenschmerzen, leichte Muskelblutung, blutige Diarrhö), 5 Patienten wurden zufällig diagnostiziert (Operation, Allergie, Enuresis, Pneumonie, Routineuntersuchung). Die mediane Thrombozytenzahl bei Diagnose lag bei 1 325 × 109 /l (600-3 050). Die Beurteilung der Knochenmarkaspirate war in 11 Fällen vereinbar mit der Diagnose einer ET, ein Patient hatte eine beginnende chronische idiopathische Myelofibrose. Chromosomenuntersuchungen in hämatopoetischen Zellen ergaben in allen untersuchten Fällen Normalbefunde. Innerhalb von 6 Monaten nach Diagnosestellung entwickelte ein zufällig diagnostizierter Patient eine Thrombose, ein weiterer Patient entwickelte eine Epistaxis und Konzentrationsstörungen. 8 Patienten erhielten eine Behandlung mit Acetylsalicylsäure (1 Patient zusätzlich mit Hydroxyurea und 2 weitere Patienten zusätzlich mit Anagrelide). Zum Zeitpunkt der letzten Untersuchung waren alle Patienten am Leben, keiner hatte eine Leukämie entwickelt. Bei 5 Patienten war die Thrombozytenzahl unter 600 × 109 /l gesunken, 2 dieser Patienten hatten keine Therapie erhalten. Schlussfolgerung: Der Anteil der Patienten mit möglicherweise ET assoziierten Symptomen war hoch. Der klinische Verlauf ist heterogen, bei einigen Kindern kann sich die Erkrankung ohne zytoreduktive Therapie zurückbilden. Aufgrund der geringen Inzidenz der ET im Kindesalter bleibt die Indikation zur Therapie unklar und muss von den Erkenntnissen aus internistischen Studien abgeleitet werden.
Abstract
Background: Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) is an acquired myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) characterized by excessive production of platelets. The disorder is usually affecting adults and is rarely diagnosed in children. Patients und methods: In this retrospective study we describe 12 children aged 5-16 years in whom ET was presumed. Results: Median follow-up was 59 months (range 10-72). At diagnosis 7 patients had clinical symptoms (syncope, poor concentration, fatigue, abdominal pain and mild bleeding), 5 patients were diagnosed accidentally (operation, allergy, enuresis, pneumonia, routine examination). Median platelet count at diagnosis was 1 325 × 109 /L (range 600-3 050). In 11 cases bone marrow morphology was consistent with ET, one patient had chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. Cytogenetics were normal in all studied cases. Within 6 months after the initial presentation one patient who was diagnosed accidentally developed thrombosis, another patient had mild bleeding. 8 patients were treated with acetylsalicylic acid (in addition, 1 patient received hydroxyurea, 2 patients received anagrelide). On last follow-up all patients were alive, none had developed leukemia. 5 patients experienced hematological remission. 2 of these children had not received any therapy. Conclusions: Many patients had symptoms attributable to ET. The clinical course is heterogeneous with complete normalization of platelets in the absence of cytoreductive therapy in some children. Due to the low incidence of ET in children indications for therapy are unclear and can only be deduced from findings obtained from studies in adults.
Schlüsselwörter
Essenzielle Thrombozythämie - myeloproliferative Erkrankung - Thombozytose
Key words
Essential thrombocythemia - myeloproliferative disorder - thrombocytosis
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Dr. med. Christian Kratz
Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin · Klinik IV Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie · Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
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