Semin intervent Radiol 2004; 21(2): 95-103
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-833682
Copyright © 2004 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Optimizing Function and Treatment of Hemodialysis Grafts and Fistulae

Thomas M. Vesely1
  • 1Associate Professor of Radiology, Surgery, and Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
13 September 2004 (online)

We are entering a new era for the management of hemodialysis grafts and fistulae. The hallmark of this new era will be the use of quantitative, hemodynamic parameters to optimize vascular access function and improve the results of our endovascular interventions. The implementation of vascular access surveillance programs has not only decreased the incidence of vascular access thrombosis, but also has provided new insights into the hemodynamic performance of grafts and fistulae. The measurement and analysis of intra-access blood flow has proven useful for the early detection of developing stenosis, and also provides a quantitative method to assess the results of our endovascular interventions. In the future, the use of quantitative hemodynamic measurements will play an increasingly important role in our evaluation and treatment of hemodialysis grafts and fistulae.

REFERENCES

  • 1 Besarab A. Preventing vascular access dysfunction: which policy to follow.  Blood Purif. 2002;  20 26-35
  • 2 Depner T A. Analysis of new methods for access monitoring.  Semin Dial. 1999;  12 376-381
  • 3 Smits J HM, Blankestijn P J. Thrombosis-free hemodialysis grafts: a possibility for the next century?.  Semin Dial. 1999;  12 44-49
  • 4 May R E, Himmelfarb J, Yenicesu M et al.. Predictive measures of vascular access thrombosis: a prospective study.  Kidney Int. 1997;  52 1656-1662
  • 5 Sands J J, Jabyac P A, Miranda C L, Kapsick B J. Intervention based on monthly monitoring decreases hemodialysis access thrombosis.  ASAIO J. 1999;  45 147-150
  • 6 Neyra N R, Ikizler T A, May R E et al.. Change in access blood flow over time predicts vascular access thrombosis.  Kidney Int. 1998;  54 1714-1719
  • 7 Smits J HM, Van der Linden J, Hagen E C et al.. Graft surveillance: venous pressure, access flow, or the combination?.  Kidney Int. 2001;  59 1551-1558
  • 8 Weitzel W F, Segal J H, Leavy S F, Saran R, Swartz R D, Messana J M. Effect of time on sensitivity and specificity of access flow in predicting thrombosis.  Semin Dial. 2003;  16 498-501
  • 9 Bosman P J, Boereboom F TJ, Eikelboom B C, Koomans H A, Blankestijn P J. Graft flow as a predictor of thrombosis in hemodialysis grafts.  Kidney Int. 1998;  54 1726-1730
  • 10 Schwarz C, Mitterbauer C, Boczula M et al.. Flow monitoring: performance characteristics of ultrasound dilution versus color Doppler ultrasound compared with fistulography.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;  42 539-545
  • 11 Tonelli M, Jhangri G S, Hirsch D J et al.. Best threshold for diagnosis of stenosis or thrombosis within six months of access flow measurement in arteriovenous fistulae.  J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;  14 3264-3269
  • 12 Besarab A, Lubkowski T, Vu A, Aslam A, Frinak S. Effects of systemic hemodynamics on flow within vascular accesses used for hemodialysis.  ASAIO J. 2001;  47 501-506
  • 13 Krivitski N M, Gantela S. Relationship between vascular access flow and hemodynamically significant stenoses in arteriovenous grafts.  Hemodial Int. 2003;  7 23-27
  • 14 National Kidney Foundation . K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access, 2000.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;  37(suppl 1) S137-S181
  • 15 Sullivan K L, Besarab A, Dorrell S, Moritz M J. The relationship between dialysis graft pressure and stenosis.  Invest Radiol. 1992;  27 352-355
  • 16 Besarab A, Sullivan K L, Ross R P, Moritz M J. Utility of intra-access pressure monitoring in detecting and correcting venous outlet stenosis prior to thrombosis.  Kidney Int. 1995;  47 1364-1373
  • 17 Sullivan K L, Besarab A. Hemodynamic screening and early percutaneous intervention reduce hemodialysis access thrombosis and increase graft longevity.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1997;  8 163-170
  • 18 Bosman P J, Boereboom F T, Smits H F, Eikelboom B C, Koosman H A, Blankestijn P J. Pressure or flow recordings for the surveillance of hemodialysis grafts.  Kidney Int. 1997;  52 1084-1088
  • 19 Van Stone J C, Jones M, Van Stone J. Detection of hemodialysis access outlet stenosis by measuring outlet resistance.  Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;  23 562-568
  • 20 Zanen A L, Toonder I M, Korten E, Wittens C HA, Diderich P PN. Flow measurements in dialysis shunts: lack of agreement between conventional Doppler, CVI-Q, and ultrasound dilution.  Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;  16 395-399
  • 21 Depner T A, Krivitski N M. Clinical measurement of blood flow in hemodialysis access fistulae and grafts by ultrasound dilution.  ASAIO J. 1995;  41 M745-M749
  • 22 Besarab A, Hall B, Al-Ajel F. The relation of brachial artery blood flow to access flow.  J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;  7 483
  • 23 Levenson J A, Peronneau P A, Simon A, Safar M E. Pulsed Doppler determination of diameter, blood flow velocity, and volumetric flow of brachial artery in man.  Cardiovasc Res. 1981;  15 164-170
  • 24 Besarab A, Frinak S, Aslam M A. Pressure measurements in the surveillance of vascular access. In: Gray RJ, Sands JJ Dialysis Access: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Baltimore; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2002: 137-150
  • 25 Rittgers S E, Garcia-Valdez C, McCormick J T, Posner M P. Noninvasive blood flow measurements in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for hemodialysis access.  J Vasc Surg. 1986;  3 635-642
  • 26 McCarley P, Wingard R L, Shyr Y, Pettus W, Hakim R M, Ikizler T A. Vascular access blood flow monitoring reduces access morbidity and costs.  Kidney Int. 2001;  60 1164-1172
  • 27 Schwab S J, Oliver M J, Suhocki P, McCann R. Hemodialysis arteriovenous access: detection of stenosis and response to treatment by vascular access blood flow.  Kidney Int. 2001;  59 358-362
  • 28 Sands J J, Miranda C L. Prolongation of hemodialysis access survival with elective revision.  Clin Nephrol. 1995;  44 329-333
  • 29 Roberts A B, Kahn M B, Bradford S et al.. Graft surveillance and angioplasty prolongs graft patency.  J Am Coll Surg. 1996;  183 486-492
  • 30 Tessitore N, Mansueto G, Bedogna V et al.. A prospective controlled trial on effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on functioning arteriovenous fistulae survival.  J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;  14 1623-1627
  • 31 Lok C E, Bhola C, Croxford R, Richardson R. Reducing vascular access morbidity: a comparative trial of two access monitoring strategies.  Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;  18 1174-1180
  • 32 Ram S J, Work J, Caldito G C, Eason J M, Pervez A, Paulson W D. A randomized controlled trial of blood flow and stenosis surveillance of hemodialysis grafts.  Kidney Int. 2003;  64 272-280
  • 33 Moist L M, Churchill D N, House A A et al.. Regular monitoring of access flow compared with monitoring of venous pressure.  J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;  14 2645-2653
  • 34 Aruny J E, Lewis C A, Cardella J F et al.. Quality improvement guidelines for percutaneous management of the thrombosed or dysfunctional dialysis access.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;  10 491-498
  • 35 Gray R J, Sacks D, Martin L G et al.. Reporting standards for percutaneous interventions in dialysis access.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;  10 1405-1415
  • 36 Sidaway A N, Gray R J, Besarab A et al.. Recommended standards for reports dealing with arteriovenous hemodialysis access.  J Vasc Surg. 2002;  35 603-610
  • 37 Bergeur R, Hwang N CH. Critical arterial stenosis: a theoretical and experimental solution.  Ann Surg. 1974;  180 39-50
  • 38 Clark T W, Hirsch D A, Jindal K J, Veugelers P J, LeBlanc J. Outcome and prognostic factors of restenosis after percutaneous treatment of native hemodialysis fistulas.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;  13 51-59
  • 39 Ahya S N, Windus D W, Vesely T M. Flow in hemodialysis grafts are angioplasty: do radiologic criteria predict success?.  Kidney Int. 2001;  59 1974-1978
  • 40 Van Der Linden J, Smits J HM, Assink J H et al.. Short and long term functional effects of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in hemodialysis vascular access.  J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;  13 715-720
  • 41 Amin Z, Vesely T M. Correlation of intragraft blood flow with characteristics of stenoses found during diagnostic fistulography.  J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;  14 723
  • 42 Funaki B, Kim R, Lorenz J et al.. Using pullback pressure measurements to identify venous stenoses persisting after successful angioplasty in failing hemodialysis grafts.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;  178 1161-1165
  • 43 Turmel-Rodrigues L. Diagnosis and endovascular treatment for autologous fistulae-related stenosis. In: Gray RJ, Sands JJ Dialysis Access. A Multidisciplinary Approach. Baltimore, MD; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2002: 170-183
  • 44 Trerotola S O, Scheel P J, Powe N R et al.. Screening for dialysis access graft malfunction: comparison of physical exam with ultrasound.  J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 1996;  7 15-20
  • 45 Beathard G A. Physical examination of AV grafts.  Semin Dial. 1992;  5 74
  • 46 Trerotola S O, Ponce P, Stavropoulos S W et al.. Physical examination versus normalized pressure ratios for predicting outcomes of hemodialysis access interventions.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;  14 1387-1393
  • 47 Vesely T M, Gherardini D, Gleed R D, Kislukhin V, Krivitski N M. Use of a catheter-based system to measure blood flow in hemodialysis grafts during angioplasty procedures.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;  13 371-378
  • 48 Mishkin G J, Mishkin M A, Velasquez M T, Barlee V, Lew S Q, Bosch J P. The effects of blood pressure and fluid volume on the measurement of vascular access blood flow.  J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;  12 297 (Abst)
  • 49 Paulson W D, Ram S J, Birk C G, Zapczynski M, Martin S R, Work J. Accuracy of decrease in blood flow in predicting hemodialysis graft thrombosis.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;  35 1089-1095
  • 50 Murray B M, Rajczak S, Ali B, Herman A, Mepani B. Assessment of access blood flow after preemptive angioplasty.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;  37 1029-1038
  • 51 Spergel L M, Holland J, Duda C R, Bosch J P, Bander S J. Balloon angioplasty has only limited efficacy in the treatment of hemodialysis vascular access stenosis.  J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;  10 219
  • 52 Khan F A, Vesely T M. Arterial problems associated with dysfunctional hemodialysis grafts: evaluation of patients at high risk for arterial disease.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;  13 1109-1114

Thomas M VeselyM.D. 

Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology

510 South Kingshighway Blvd.

St. Louis, MO 63110

Email: Veselyt@mir.wustl.edu