Experimentelle Untersuchungen der Interaktion zwischen Schlaf und Immunsystem beim
Menschen
Experimental Studies on the Interaction Between Sleep and the Immune System in HumansAndreas Schuld1
, Monika Haack2
, Dunja Hinze-Selch3
, Janet Mullington2
, Thomas Pollmächer1
1Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Deutschland
2Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA, USA
3Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein,
Campus Kiel
Unterstützt durch die Volkswagenstiftung, Hannover (I/71979)
Müdigkeit und vermehrtes Schlafbedürfnis sind typische Symptome entzündlicher und
infektiöser Erkrankungen. Die Annahme ist weit verbreitet, der Schlaf habe eine immunsupportive
Funktion. Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst die Datenlage hinsichtlich der experimentellen
Erforschung der Interaktion zwischen Schlaf und Immunsystem beim Menschen zusammen.
Das Schlaf-wach-Verhalten reagiert auf eine experimentelle Aktivierung immunologischer
Prozesse (z. B. durch die Gabe von bakteriellem Endotoxin) sehr sensibel. Neben der
durch Endotoxingabe ausgelösten Fieberreaktion und neuroendokrinen Aktivierung kommt
es oft auch zu einer Störung der Nachtschlafkontinuität. Wenn hingegen durch geringere
Mengen Endotoxin die Freisetzung inflammatorischer Zytokine stimuliert, aber weder
die Körpertemperatur noch neuroendokrine Systeme beeinflusst werden, so kommt es zu
einer Zunahme des Non-REM-Schlafes. Dies erklärt sich wahrscheinlich durch Veränderungen
in der biologischen Aktivität des Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor-α(TNF-α)-Systems. Neben ihrer
Funktion im Verlaufe der Wirtsantwort scheinen Zytokine aber auch in der physiologischen
Schlaf-wach-Regulation eine zentrale Rolle zu spielen, obschon die Datenlage hierzu
noch nicht ausreichend ist. Unklar ist bis heute, ob der Schlaf tatsächlich körpereigene
Abwehrprozesse unterstützt: Akuter Schlafentzug von bis zu 55 Stunden hat zwar keinen
nennenswerten Einfluss auf die endotoxininduzierte primäre Wirtsantwort, allerdings
gibt es einige, wenn auch bisher nicht konsistente Hinweise darauf, dass Schlafentzug
möglicherweise Aspekte spezifischer Immunität, wie etwa die Bildung von Antikörpern
gegen virale Antigene, negativ beeinflusst.
Abstract
Sleepiness and increased sleep pressure are typical symptoms of inflammation and infection.
Moreover, it is a pre-scientific belief that sleep supports host defense. The present
paper summarizes the experimental evidence regarding the interaction between sleep
and the immune system in humans. Sleep-wake behavior is very sensitive to experimental
host defense activation, for example, by bacterial endotoxin. When the injection of
endotoxin is accompanied by fever and a prominent neuroendocrine activation, sleep
continuity will be disturbed. When the production of inflammatory cytokines is stimulated
by smaller amounts of endotoxin, but no fever and no neuroendocrine activation are
apparent, the nonREM-sleep amount will increase. This is possibly due to changes in
the biological activity of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) system. Besides their
important function in sleep regulation during acute immune response, cytokines also
seem to be involved in physiological sleep regulation, although there still is not
very much data on this issue. So far, it remains largely unknown whether or not sleep
supports host defense. In humans, for example, acute sleep deprivation up to 55 hours
has only minor effects on endotoxin-induced host responses. In contrast, there is
preliminary and yet inconsistent evidence that sleep deprivation might impair antibody
formation in response to viral challenges.
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