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DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-834614
Notfallbehandlung der akuten Exazerbation der COPD und des Asthmaanfalls
Management of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Severe AsthmaPublication History
Publication Date:
23 May 2005 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Die chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung (COPD) und das Asthma bronchiale unterscheiden sich ätiologisch, pathogenetisch und in der Therapie. Die akute Exazerbation der COPD, die eher ältere und komorbide Patienten betrifft, sollte in erster Linie mit inhalativen Bronchospasmolytika wie β2-Agonisten oder Anticholinergika behandelt werden. Die Kombination beider Substanzen scheint vorteilhaft. Theophyllin sollte nur als Reservemedikament bei nicht vorbehandelten Patienten zur Anwendung kommen. Im Falle schwergradiger Exazerbationen ist zusätzlich die orale oder parenterale Gabe von Steroiden angezeigt. Der akute Asthmaanfall betrifft meist jüngere Patienten und bedarf in erster Linie einer intravenösen antiinflammatorischen Therapie mit Steroiden sowie einer inhalativen antiobstruktiven Therapie mit β2-Agonisten. Theophyllin stellt in Einzelfällen eine zusätzliche Therapieoption dar. Beiden Krankheitsbildern gemein ist ein deutlich erhöhter Sauerstoffbedarf aufgrund einer bronchialen Obstruktion und eine zunehmende Erschöpfung der Atemmuskulatur. Bei fehlendem Ansprechen auf die Initialtherapie bzw. bei Progression der Symptomatik sollte die klinische Einweisung erfolgen. Die Entscheidung zur Intubation richtet sich nach den allgemein gültigen Empfehlungen.
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are different in aetiology, pathogenesis and the corresponding therapies. Predisposed persons with acute exacerbations of COPD are mainly elderly persons with comorbidities. For therapy of an acute exacerbation inhaled bronchodilatory drugs such as β2-agonists and anticholinergics should be used in first line. The combination of both substances may be useful. Methylxanthines should be kept in reserve. In more severe exacerbations corticosteroids should be administered orally or parenterally. Acute exacerbations of asthma is mainly found in younger people and should be treated with intravenous corticosteroids as well as with inhaled bronchodilators like β2-agonists. In some cases theophylline can also be regarded as useful. Both diseases have in common a substantially increased need of oxygen as a result of bronchospasm and exhaustion of the respiratory muscles. The immediate admittance to hospital is indicated in case of an ineffective first-line therapy or increasing symptoms. Intubation is indicated according to general guidelines.
Schlüsselwörter
COPD - Asthma bronchiale - akute Exazerbation - Bronchospasmolytika - Kortikosteroide
Key words
COPD - Asthma - acute exacerbation - bronchodilators - corticosteroids
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Dr. med. Florian Braig
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I · Abteilung Pneumologie · Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus
Fetscherstraße 74
01307 Dresden