Zusammenfassung
Die chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung (COPD) und das Asthma bronchiale unterscheiden
sich ätiologisch, pathogenetisch und in der Therapie. Die akute Exazerbation der COPD,
die eher ältere und komorbide Patienten betrifft, sollte in erster Linie mit inhalativen
Bronchospasmolytika wie β2-Agonisten oder Anticholinergika behandelt werden. Die Kombination beider Substanzen
scheint vorteilhaft. Theophyllin sollte nur als Reservemedikament bei nicht vorbehandelten
Patienten zur Anwendung kommen. Im Falle schwergradiger Exazerbationen ist zusätzlich
die orale oder parenterale Gabe von Steroiden angezeigt. Der akute Asthmaanfall betrifft
meist jüngere Patienten und bedarf in erster Linie einer intravenösen antiinflammatorischen
Therapie mit Steroiden sowie einer inhalativen antiobstruktiven Therapie mit β2-Agonisten. Theophyllin stellt in Einzelfällen eine zusätzliche Therapieoption dar.
Beiden Krankheitsbildern gemein ist ein deutlich erhöhter Sauerstoffbedarf aufgrund
einer bronchialen Obstruktion und eine zunehmende Erschöpfung der Atemmuskulatur.
Bei fehlendem Ansprechen auf die Initialtherapie bzw. bei Progression der Symptomatik
sollte die klinische Einweisung erfolgen. Die Entscheidung zur Intubation richtet
sich nach den allgemein gültigen Empfehlungen.
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are different in aetiology,
pathogenesis and the corresponding therapies. Predisposed persons with acute exacerbations
of COPD are mainly elderly persons with comorbidities. For therapy of an acute exacerbation
inhaled bronchodilatory drugs such as β2-agonists and anticholinergics should be used in first line. The combination of both
substances may be useful. Methylxanthines should be kept in reserve. In more severe
exacerbations corticosteroids should be administered orally or parenterally. Acute
exacerbations of asthma is mainly found in younger people and should be treated with
intravenous corticosteroids as well as with inhaled bronchodilators like β2-agonists. In some cases theophylline can also be regarded as useful. Both diseases
have in common a substantially increased need of oxygen as a result of bronchospasm
and exhaustion of the respiratory muscles. The immediate admittance to hospital is
indicated in case of an ineffective first-line therapy or increasing symptoms. Intubation
is indicated according to general guidelines.
Schlüsselwörter
COPD - Asthma bronchiale - akute Exazerbation - Bronchospasmolytika - Kortikosteroide
Key words
COPD - Asthma - acute exacerbation - bronchodilators - corticosteroids
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Dr. med. Florian Braig
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I · Abteilung Pneumologie · Universitätsklinikum
Carl Gustav Carus
Fetscherstraße 74
01307 Dresden