ABSTRACT
An increasing number of diseases are recognized as being sexually transmitted. The majority of these are bacterial or viral in nature; however, several protozoan and nematode infections can also be transmitted by sexual activity. For most of these diseases, the primary mode of transmission is nonsexual in nature, but sexual activity that results in fecal-oral contact can lead to transmission of these agents. Two parasitic diseases commonly transmitted by sexual contact are amebiasis and giardiasis. The management of these conditions is discussed.
KEYWORDS
Amebiasis - giardiasis - parasites
REFERENCES
-
1 Botero D. Amebiasis. In: Goldsmith R, Heynemann D Tropical Medicine and Parasitology Norwalk, CT; Appleton and Lange 1989: 224-236
-
2
Chadee K, Petri W A, Innes K D et al..
Rat and human colonic mucins bind to and inhibit the adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica.
J Clin Invest.
1987;
80
1245-1254
-
3
Haque R, Huston C, Hughes M et al..
Current concepts: amebiasis.
N Engl J Med.
2003;
348
1565-1573
-
4
Keystone J S, Keystone D L, Proctor E M.
Intestinal parasitic infections in homosexual men: prevalence, symptoms and factors in transmission.
Can Med Assoc J.
1980;
123
512-514
-
5
Ellyson J H, Bezmalinovic Z, Parks S N, Lewis F R.
Necrotizing amebic colitis: a frequently fatal complication.
Am J Surg.
1986;
152
21-26
-
6
Adams E B, MacLeod I N.
Invasive amebiasis. II. Amebic liver abscess and its complications.
Medicine (Baltimore).
1977;
56
325-334
-
7
Katzenstein D, Rickerson V, Braude A.
New concepts of amebic liver abscess derived from hepatic imaging, serodiagnosis, and hepatic enzymes in 67 consecutive cases in San Diego.
Medicine (Baltimore).
1982;
61
237-246
-
8
Haque R, Ali I KM, Akther S, Petri W A.
Comparison of PCR, isoenzyme analysis, and antigen detection for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection.
J Clin Microbiol.
1998;
36
449-452
-
9
Krupp I M, Powell S J.
Comparative study of the antibody response in amebiasis: persistence after successful treatment.
Am J Trop Med Hyg.
1971;
20
421-424
-
10
Prathap K, Gilman R.
The histopathology of acute intestinal amebiasis: a rectal biopsy study.
Am J Pathol.
1970;
60
229-246
-
11 Sullam P M. Amebiasis and giardiasis in homosexual men. In: Leech JH, Sande MA, Root RK Parasitic Infections New York, NY; Churchill Livingstone 1988 147-154 159-167
-
12
Schmerin M J, Jones T C, Klein H.
Giardiasis: association with homosexuality.
Ann Intern Med.
1978;
88
801-803
-
13 Frame J D. Amebiasis and giardiasis. In: Felman YM Sexually Transmitted Diseases New York, NY; Churchill Livingstone 1986: 233-248
-
14
Wolfe M S.
Giardiasis.
Clin Microbiol Rev.
1992;
5
93-100
-
15
Sturchler D.
Parasitic diseases of the small intestinal tract.
Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol.
1987;
1
397-424
-
16 National Committee for Clinical laboratory Standards .Procedures for the Recovery and Identification of Parasites from the Intestinal Tract. Approved Guideline M28-A National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Villanova, PA; 1997
-
17
Addiss D G, Mathews H M, Stewart J M et al..
Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent asssay for Giardia lamblia antigen in stool.
J Clin Microbiol.
1991;
29
1137-1142
-
18
Garcia L S, Shum A C, Bruckner D A.
Evaluation of a new monoclonal antibody combination reagent for direct fluorescence detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in human fecal specimens.
J Clin Microbiol.
1992;
30
3255-3257
Andrew A SheltonM.D.
Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery
Stanford University School of Medicine
300 Pasteur Dr., H3680, Stanford, CA 94305
Email: shelton@stanford.edu
