Zusammenfassung
Studienziel: Die Genauigkeit der pränatalen Diagnose von Rechts-Isomerismen sowie deren sonographische
Marker und das Outcome der Feten sollte erfasst werden. Methode: Retrospektive Analyse aller Fälle mit Rechts-Isomerismus an zwei deutschen Zentren
für Pränataldiagnostik zwischen 1989 und 2003. Ergebnisse: 21 Fälle mit Rechts-Isomerismus wurden prä- oder postnatal diagnostiziert. Bei 16
war die korrekte Diagnose in der pränatalen Periode gestellt worden. 20 hatten komplexe
Herzfehler, 19 hatten eine viszerokardiale Heterotaxie, und 13 hatten eine Juxtaposition
von Vena cava inferior und Aorta. Die häufigsten Herzfehler waren: atrioventrikulärer
Septumdefekt (AVSD) (62 %), Obstruktion des rechtsventrikulären Ausflusstraktes (48
%), Lungenvenenfehlmündung (33 %) und Double Outlet Right Ventricle (29 %). Das Vorliegen
eines AVSD war signifikant mit einer höheren Mortalität vergesellschaftet (p < 0,05).
4 der 6 Fälle mit totaler Lungenvenenfehlmündung waren pränatal übersehen worden.
Nur 6 Kinder überlebten, dabei bestand die höchste Mortalität in der Perinatalperiode.
Bei 2 Kindern war eine biventrikuläre Korrektur möglich. 2 Kinder leben postoperativ
mit einer univentrikulären Zirkulation. Ein Überlebender erwartet einen Mitralklappenersatz.
Ein Kind hat keinen Herzfehler und lebt mit paroxysmaler supraventrikulärer Reentry-Tachykardie.
Schlussfolgerung: Die pränatale Diagnose von Rechts-Isomerismen bleibt trotz der Fortschritte der fetalen
Echokardiographie schwierig. Wichtige sonographische Marker sind vizerokardiale Heterotaxie,
komplexe Herzfehler und Juxtaposition der Vena cava inferior und Aorta. Auf eine Lungenvenenfehlmündung
sollte besonders geachtet werden, da sie oft übersehen wird. Die Mortalität der Neugeborenen
ist hoch, vor allem wenn ein AVSD vorliegt. Auch die Langzeitmorbidität der Überlebenden
ist hoch.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis of right isomerism and to assess
possible diagnostic and prognostic markers. Methods: Retrospective review of all cases of right isomerism identified between 1989 and
2003 in two tertiary referral centres in Germany. Results: Among 21 foetuses, 16 had a correct prenatal diagnosis of right isomerism. 19 showed
different types of viscerocardiac heterotaxy, 12 of them in combination with juxtaposition
of vena cava inferior and aorta. 20 had cardiac defects, with a high prevalence of
atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) (62 %), right outflow tract obstruction (48
%), anomalous pulmonary venous return (33 %) and double outlet right ventricle (29
%). 4 out of 6 cases with total anomalous pulmonary venous return were overseen on
prenatal ultrasound. Only 6 children survived. The highest loss occurred in the neonatal
period. Two out of 6 survivors underwent single ventricle palliation, while another
two had a biventricular repair. One child is awaiting mitral valve replacement. The
remaining case has no cardiac defect and lives with supraventricular re-entry tachycardia.
Only the presence of CAVSD was significantly correlated with non-survival (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: The prenatal diagnosis of right isomerism remains a difficult task. Important sonographic
markers are viscerocardiac heterotaxy, complex cardiac malformations and juxtaposition
of vena cava inferior and aorta. Special attention has to be paid to the pattern of
pulmonary venous drainage, as it is often misdiagnosed. The mortality in neonates
is high, especially in the presence of CAVSD. Survivors suffer from significant morbidity.
Schlüsselwörter
Heterotaxie - Isomerismus - Asplenie - Ivemark-Syndrom - Juxtaposition - Herzfehler
- pränatale Diagnose - Fetus - Echokardiographie
Key words
Heterotaxy - isomerism - asplenia - Ivemark-syndrome - juxtaposition - cardiac defects
- prenatal diagnosis - foetus - echocardiography
References
1
Bowers P N, Brueckner M, Yost H J.
The genetics of left-right development and heterotaxia.
Semin Perinatol.
1996;
20
577-588
2
Lin A E, Ticho B S, Houde K. et al .
Heterotaxy: associated conditions and hospital-based prevalence in newborns.
Genet Med.
2000;
2
157-172
3
Van Praagh S, Kakou-Guikahue M, Hae-Seong K. et al .
Atrial situs in patients with visceral heterotaxy and congenital heart disease: conclusions
based on findings in 104 postmortem cases.
Coeur.
1988;
19
484-502
4
Winer-Muram H T, Tonkin I L.
The spectrum of heterotaxic syndromes.
Radiol Clin North Am.
1989;
27
1147-1170
5
Ivemark B L.
Implications of agenesis of the spleen on the pathogenesis of conotruncus anomalies
in childhood.
Acta Paediatr Scand.
1955;
44 (suppl 104)
1-116
6
Berg C, Geipel A, Smrcek J. et al .
Prenatal diagnosis of cardiosplenic syndromes: a 10-year experience.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.
2003;
22
451-459
7
Huggon I C, Cook A C, Smeeton N C. et al .
Atrioventricular septal defects diagnosed in fetal life: associated cardiac and extra-cardiac
abnormalities and outcome.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2000;
36
593-601
8
Phoon C K, Villegas M D, Ursell P C. et al .
Left atrial isomerism detected in fetal life.
Am J Cardiol.
1996;
77
1083-1088
9
Atkinson D E, Drant S.
Diagnosis of heterotaxy syndrome by fetal echocardiography.
Am J Cardiol.
1998;
82
1147-1149, A10
10
Lin J H, Chang C I, Wang J K. et al .
Intrauterine diagnosis of heterotaxy syndrome.
Am Heart J.
2002;
143
1002-1008
11
Rose V, Izukawa T, Moes C A.
Syndromes of asplenia and polysplenia. A review of cardiac and non-cardiac malformations
in 60 cases with special reference to diagnosis and prognosis.
Br Heart J.
1975;
37
840-852
12
Hashmi A, Abu-Sulaiman R, McCrindle B W. et al .
Management and outcomes of right atrial isomerism: a 26-year experience.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
1998;
31
1120-1126
13
Berg C, Geipel A, Kamil D. et al .
The syndrome of left isomerism - sonographic findings and outcome in prenatally diagnosed
cases.
J Ultrasound Med.
2005;
24
921-931
14
Okoye B O, Bailey D M, Cusick E L. et al .
Prophylactic gastropexy in the asplenia syndrome.
Pediatr Surg Int.
1997;
12
28-29
15
Nakada K, Kawaguchi F, Wakisaka M. et al .
Digestive tract disorders associated with asplenia/polysplenia syndrome.
J Pediatr Surg.
1997;
32
91-94
16
Machado M V, Crawford D C, Anderson R H. et al .
Atrioventricular septal defect in prenatal life.
Br Heart J.
1988;
59
352-355
17
Allan L D.
Atrioventricular septal defect in the fetus.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1999;
181
1250-1253
18
Patel C R, Lane J R, Muise K L.
In utero diagnosis of obstructed supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
in a patient with right atrial isomerism and asplenia.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.
2001;
17
268-271
19
Comstock C H, Smith R, Lee W. et al .
Right fetal cardiac axis: clinical significance and associated findings.
Obstet Gynecol.
1998;
91
495-499
20
Colloridi V, Pizzuto F, Ventriglia F. et al .
Prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis of right atrial isomerism.
Prenat Diagn.
1994;
14
299-302
21
Mauser I, Deutinger J, Bernaschek G.
Prenatal diagnosis of a complex fetal cardiac malformation associated with asplenia.
Br Heart J.
1991;
65
293-295
22
Boopathy Vijayaraghavan S, Rao A R, Padmashree G. et al .
Prenatal diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the portal vein
associated with right atrial isomerism.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.
2003;
21
393-396
23
Wu M H, Wang J K, Lin J L. et al .
Supraventricular tachycardia in patients with right atrial isomerism.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
1998;
32
773-779
24
Yasukochi S, Satomi G, Iwasaki Y.
Prenatal diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with asplenia.
Fetal Diagn Ther.
1997;
12
266-269
25
Huhta J C, Smallhorn J F, Macartney F J.
Two dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of situs.
Br Heart J.
1982;
48
97-108
26
Yagel S, Cohen S M, Achiron R.
Examination of the fetal heart by five short-axis views: a proposed screening method
for comprehensive cardiac evaluation.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.
2001;
17
367-369
27
Freedom R M, Harrington D P, White R I. et al .
The differential diagnosis of levo-transposed or malposed aorta. An angiocardiographic
study.
Circulation.
1974;
50
1040-1046
28
Ho S Y, Cook A, Anderson R H. et al .
Isomerism of the atrial appendages in the fetus.
Pediatr Pathol.
1991;
11
589-608
29
Berg C, Geipel A, Kohl T. et al .
Fetal echocardiographic evaluation of atrial morphology and the prediction of laterality
in cases of heterotaxy syndromes.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.
2005;
26
538-545
30
Yoo S J, Lee Y H, Cho K S. et al .
Sequential segmental approach to fetal congenital heart disease.
Cardiol Young.
1999;
9
430-444
31
Wu M H, Lin J L, Wang J K. et al .
Electrophysiological properties of dual atrioventricular nodes in patients with right
atrial isomerism.
Br Heart J.
1995;
74
553-555
32
Sadiq M, Stumper O, De Giovanni J V. et al .
Management and outcome of infants and children with right atrial isomerism.
Heart.
1996;
75
314-319
33
Waldman J D, Rosenthal A, Smith A L. et al .
Sepsis and congenital asplenia.
J Pediatr.
1977;
90
555-559
34
Cheung Y F, Cheng V Y, Chau A K. et al .
Outcome of infants with right atrial isomerism: is prognosis better with normal pulmonary
venous drainage?.
Heart.
2002;
87
146-152
35
Wu M H, Wang J K, Lue H C.
Sudden death in patients with right isomerism (asplenism) after palliation.
J Pediatr.
2002;
140
93-96
36
Noack F, Sayk F, Ressel A. et al .
Ivemark syndrome with agenesis of the corpus callosum: a case report with a review
of the literature.
Prenat Diagn.
2002;
22
1011-1015
37
Aylsworth A S.
Clinical aspects of defects in the determination of laterality.
Am J Med Genet.
2001;
101
345-355
38
Brown D L, Emerson D S, Shulman L P. et al .
Predicting aneuploidy in fetuses with cardiac anomalies: significance of visceral
situs and noncardiac anomalies.
J Ultrasound Med.
1993;
12
153-161
39
Chaoui R, Körner H, Bommer C. et al .
Prenatal diagnosis of heart defects and associated chromosomal aberrations.
Ultraschall Med.
1999;
20
177-184
PD Dr. Christoph Berg
Abteilung für pränatale Medizin und Geburtshilfe, Zentrum für Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde,
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25
53105 Bonn
Germany
Email: christoph.berg@ukb.uni-bonn.de