Zusammenfassung
Studienziel: Die Genauigkeit der pränatalen Diagnose von Rechts-Isomerismen sowie deren sonographische Marker und das Outcome der Feten sollte erfasst werden. Methode: Retrospektive Analyse aller Fälle mit Rechts-Isomerismus an zwei deutschen Zentren für Pränataldiagnostik zwischen 1989 und 2003. Ergebnisse: 21 Fälle mit Rechts-Isomerismus wurden prä- oder postnatal diagnostiziert. Bei 16 war die korrekte Diagnose in der pränatalen Periode gestellt worden. 20 hatten komplexe Herzfehler, 19 hatten eine viszerokardiale Heterotaxie, und 13 hatten eine Juxtaposition von Vena cava inferior und Aorta. Die häufigsten Herzfehler waren: atrioventrikulärer Septumdefekt (AVSD) (62 %), Obstruktion des rechtsventrikulären Ausflusstraktes (48 %), Lungenvenenfehlmündung (33 %) und Double Outlet Right Ventricle (29 %). Das Vorliegen eines AVSD war signifikant mit einer höheren Mortalität vergesellschaftet (p < 0,05). 4 der 6 Fälle mit totaler Lungenvenenfehlmündung waren pränatal übersehen worden. Nur 6 Kinder überlebten, dabei bestand die höchste Mortalität in der Perinatalperiode. Bei 2 Kindern war eine biventrikuläre Korrektur möglich. 2 Kinder leben postoperativ mit einer univentrikulären Zirkulation. Ein Überlebender erwartet einen Mitralklappenersatz. Ein Kind hat keinen Herzfehler und lebt mit paroxysmaler supraventrikulärer Reentry-Tachykardie. Schlussfolgerung: Die pränatale Diagnose von Rechts-Isomerismen bleibt trotz der Fortschritte der fetalen Echokardiographie schwierig. Wichtige sonographische Marker sind vizerokardiale Heterotaxie, komplexe Herzfehler und Juxtaposition der Vena cava inferior und Aorta. Auf eine Lungenvenenfehlmündung sollte besonders geachtet werden, da sie oft übersehen wird. Die Mortalität der Neugeborenen ist hoch, vor allem wenn ein AVSD vorliegt. Auch die Langzeitmorbidität der Überlebenden ist hoch.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis of right isomerism and to assess possible diagnostic and prognostic markers. Methods: Retrospective review of all cases of right isomerism identified between 1989 and 2003 in two tertiary referral centres in Germany. Results: Among 21 foetuses, 16 had a correct prenatal diagnosis of right isomerism. 19 showed different types of viscerocardiac heterotaxy, 12 of them in combination with juxtaposition of vena cava inferior and aorta. 20 had cardiac defects, with a high prevalence of atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) (62 %), right outflow tract obstruction (48 %), anomalous pulmonary venous return (33 %) and double outlet right ventricle (29 %). 4 out of 6 cases with total anomalous pulmonary venous return were overseen on prenatal ultrasound. Only 6 children survived. The highest loss occurred in the neonatal period. Two out of 6 survivors underwent single ventricle palliation, while another two had a biventricular repair. One child is awaiting mitral valve replacement. The remaining case has no cardiac defect and lives with supraventricular re-entry tachycardia. Only the presence of CAVSD was significantly correlated with non-survival (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The prenatal diagnosis of right isomerism remains a difficult task. Important sonographic markers are viscerocardiac heterotaxy, complex cardiac malformations and juxtaposition of vena cava inferior and aorta. Special attention has to be paid to the pattern of pulmonary venous drainage, as it is often misdiagnosed. The mortality in neonates is high, especially in the presence of CAVSD. Survivors suffer from significant morbidity.
Schlüsselwörter
Heterotaxie - Isomerismus - Asplenie - Ivemark-Syndrom - Juxtaposition - Herzfehler - pränatale Diagnose - Fetus - Echokardiographie
Key words
Heterotaxy - isomerism - asplenia - Ivemark-syndrome - juxtaposition - cardiac defects - prenatal diagnosis - foetus - echocardiography
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PD Dr. Christoph Berg
Abteilung für pränatale Medizin und Geburtshilfe, Zentrum für Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25
53105 Bonn
Germany
Email: christoph.berg@ukb.uni-bonn.de