Zusammenfassung
Unter „Fast-track“-Chirurgie - auch „Fast-track”-Rehabilitation genannt - versteht
man ein interdisziplinäres, multimodales perioperatives Behandlungskonzept zur Beschleunigung
der postoperativen Rekonvaleszenz und Vermeidung allgemeiner Komplikationen. Die „Fast-track”-Rehabilitation
besteht aus folgenden Bausteinen: psychologische Patientenkonditionierung, atraumatische
und minimalinvasive Zugangswege zum Operationsgebiet und Verzicht auf Sonden und Drainagen,
optimierte Anästhesie unter Normovolämie und Vermeidung von Hypothermie und Hypoxämie,
effektive perioperative Schmerztherapie, forcierte Patientenmobilisation, raschen
Kostaufbau auch nach intraabdominellen Eingriffen. Konzepte zur „Fast-track”-Rehabilitation
sind ebenso für allgemein-, viszeral-, gefäß- und thoraxchirurgischen Operationen,
wie auch für orthopädisch-traumatologische, urologische und gynäkologische Eingriffen
publiziert worden. In der Allgemeinchirurgie wurde die „Fast-track”-Rehabilitation
bislang am besten bei elektiven Kolonresektionen untersucht. Die multimodale Therapie
hat dabei die Quote allgemeiner Komplikationen von 20 - 30 % auf unter 10 % gesenkt
und die postoperative Krankenhausverweildauer von 12 - 15 auf 2 - 5 Tage reduziert.
Die kritische Evaluation bei anderen mittelgroßen und großen Operationen sollte in
randomisierten, kontrollierten Multizenterstudien erfolgen.
Summary
„Fast-track”-surgery - also called „fast-track”-rehabilitation - is an interdisciplinary,
multimodal concept to accelerate postoperative reconvalescence and reduce general
morbidity. „Fast-track”-rehabilitation focusses on preoperative patient education,
atraumatic and minimal-invasive access to the operative field, optimized anesthesia
under normovolemia and prevention of intraoperative hypoxia and hypothermia, effective
analgetic therapy without high systemic doses of opiods, enforced postoperative patient
mobilisation, early postoperative oral feeding, and avoidance of tubes and drains.
„Fast-track”-rehabilitation plans have been published for numerous operative procedures
in general-, visceral-, vascular- and thoracic surgery, as well for orthopaedic, urological
and gynaecological operations. Until today, „fast-track”-rehabilitation was evaluated
most thoroughly in elective colonic surgery. Here, the multimodal regime decreased
general morbidity from 20 - 30 % to below 10 %, while postoperative hospital stay
was reduced from 10 - 15 to 2 - 5 days. „Fast-track”-rehabilitation for major surgery
should be evaluated in randomised, controlled trials.
Literatur
- 1
Adam U, Makowiec F, Riediger H, Schareck W D, Benz S, Hopt U T.
Risk factors for complications after pancreatic head resection.
Am J Surg.
2004;
187
201-208
- 2
Anderson A DG, Mc Naught C E, Macfie J, Tring I, Barker P, Mitchell C J.
Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization and standard perioperative surgical
care.
Br J Surg.
2003;
90
1497-1504
- 3
Apfel C C, Korttila K, Abdalla M, Kerger H, Turan A, Vedder I, Zernak C, Danner K,
Jokela R, Pocock S J, Trenkler S, Kredel M, Biedler A, Sessler D I, Roewer N.
A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea
and vomiting.
N Engl J Med.
2004;
350
2441-2451
- 4
Bailey S H, Bull D A, Harpole D H, Rentz J J, Neumayer L A, Pappas T N, Daley J, Henderson W G,
Krasnicka B, Khuri S F.
Outcomes after esophagectomy: a ten-year prospective cohort.
Ann Thorac Surg.
2003;
75
217-222
- 5
Basse L, Hjort Jakobsen D, Billesbolle P, Werner M, Kehlet H.
A clinical pathway to accelerate recovery after colonic resection.
Ann Surg.
2000;
232
51-57
- 6
Block B M, Liu S S, Rowlingson A J, Cowan A R, Cowan J -AJ, Wu C L.
Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis.
JAMA.
2003;
290
2455-2463
- 7
Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, Hjorts E, Ording H, Lindorff-Larsen K,
Rasmussen M S, Lanng C, Wallin L. and the Danisch Study Group on Perioperative Fluid
Therapy .
Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison
of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial.
Ann Surg.
2004;
240
386-388
- 8
Cheatham M L, Chapman W C, Key S P, Sawyers J L.
A meta-analysis of selective versus routine nasogastric decompression after elective
laparotomy.
Ann Surg.
1995;
221
469-476
- 9
Dimick J B, Pronovost P J, Cowan J A, Lipsett P A.
Surgical volume and quality of care for esophageal resection: do high-volume hospitals
have fewer complications?.
Ann Thorac Surg.
2003;
75
337-341
- 10
Dominguez-Fernandez E, Post S.
Abdominelle Drainagen.
Chirurg.
2003;
74
91-98
- 11
Grantcharov T, Rosenberg J.
Vertical Compared with Transverse Incisions in Abdominal Surgery.
Eur J Surg.
2001;
167
260-267
- 12 Guenaga K F, Matos D, Castro A A, Atallah A N, Wille-Jørgensen P. Mechanical bowel
preparation for elective colorectal surgery (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library
2002
- 13
Hoffmann S, Koller M, Plaul U, Stinner B, Gerdes B, Lorenz W, Rothmund M.
Nasogastric tube versus gastrostomy tube for gastric decompression in abdominal surgery:
a prospective, randomized trial comparing patients’ tube-related inconvenience.
Langenbecks Arch Surg.
2001;
386
402-409
- 14 Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Moiniche S, Dahl J B. Epidural local anaesthetics versus
opioid-based analgesic regimens for postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV
and pain after abdominal surgery (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library 2003
- 15
Kehlet H.
The surgical stress response: should it be prevented?.
Can J Surg.
1991;
34
565-567
- 16
Kehlet H.
Organizing postoperative accelerated recovery programs.
Reg Anesth.
1996;
21
149-151
- 17
Kehlet H.
Acute pain control and accelerated postoperative surgical recovery.
Surg Clin North Am.
1999;
79
431-443
- 18
Kehlet H, Dahl J B.
Anaesthesia, surgery and challenges in postoperative recovery.
Lancet.
2003;
362
1921-1928
- 19
Kehlet H, Mogensen T.
Hospital stay of 2 days after open sigmoidectomy with a multimodal rehabilitation
programme.
Br J Surg.
1999;
86
227-230
- 20
Kehlet H, Wilmore D W.
Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation.
Br J Anaesth.
1997;
78
606-617
- 21
Kehlet H, Wilmore D W.
Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome.
Am J Surg.
2000;
183
630-641
- 22
Kurz A, Sessler D I, Lenhardt R.
Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and
shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group.
N Engl J Med.
1996;
334
1209-1215
- 23
Ljungqvist O, Soreide E.
Preoperative fasting.
Br J Surg.
2003;
90
400-406
- 24
Lobo D, Bostock K, Neal K R, Perkins A C, Rowlands B, Allison S.
Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective
colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial.
Lancet.
2002;
359
1812-1818
- 25
Marusch F, Gastinger I, Schneider C, Scheidbach H, Konradt J, Bruch H P, Kohler L,
Bärlehner E, Köckerling F.
Experience as a factor influencing the indications for laparoscopic colorectal surgery
and the results.
Surg Endosc.
2001;
15
116-120
- 26
Marusch F, Koch A, Schmidt U, Zippel R, Geissler S, Pross M, Roessner A, Köckerling F,
Gastinger I, Lippert H.
Prospektive Multizenterstudien „Kolon-/Rektumkarzinome” als flachendeckende chirurgische
Qualitatssicherung.
Chirurg.
2002;
73
138-146
- 27
Marusch F, Koch A, Schmidt U, Zippel R, Kühn S, Simonis E, Zühlke H, Pross M, Gastinger I,
Lippert H.
Welche Faktoren beeinflussen die postoperative Letalität beim kolorektalen Karzinom?.
Zentralbl Chir.
2002;
127
614-621
- 28
McCulloch P, Ward J, Tekkis P P.
Mortality and morbidity in gastro-oesophageal cancer surgery: initial results of ASCOT
multicentre prospective cohort study.
BMJ.
2003;
327
1192-1197
- 29
Miedema B W, Johnson J O.
Methods for decreasing postoperative gut dysmotility.
Lancet Oncol.
2003;
4
365-372
- 30
Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S, McKee A, Kehlet H, van Zundert A, Sage D, Futter M,
Saville G, Clark T, MacMahon S.
Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia:
results from overview of randomised trials.
BMJ.
2000;
321
1493
- 31 Schwenk W, Neudecker J, Haase O, Müller J. M. Short term benefits for laparoscopic
colorectal resection (Protocol). The Cochrane Library 2004
- 32
Schwenk W, Raue W, Haase O, Junghans T, Müller J M.
„Fast-track-Kolonchirurgie”.
Chirurg.
2004;
75
508-514
- 33
Slim K, Vicaut E, Panis Y, Chipponi J.
Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of colorectal surgery with or without
mechanical bowel preparation.
Br J Surg.
2004;
91
1125-1130
- 34
Spies C, Breuer J P, Gust R, Wichmann M, Adolph M, Senkal M, Kampa U, Weissauer W,
Soreide E, Martin E, Kaisers U, Falke K J, Haas N, Kox W J.
Preoperative fasting. An update.
Anaesthesist.
2004;
52
1039-1045
- 35
Wilmore D W, Kehlet H.
Management of patients in fast track surgery.
BMJ.
2001;
322
473-476
Prof. Dr. med. Wolfgang Schwenk
Universitätsklinik für Allgemein-, Visceral-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsmedizin
Charité, Campus Mitte
Schumannstraße 20/21
10117 Berlin
Phone: 030/450522048
Fax: 030/450522912
Email: wolfgang.schwenk@charite.de