Zusammenfassung
Bei älteren Patienten kommt es häufig als Folge eines nicht ausreichend behandelten Bluthochdrucks zu einer Hypertrophie der Kardiozyten, die mehrere Defekte in der Genexpression aufweisen. Es spricht vieles dafür, dass die verminderte Expression des Transkriptionsfaktors PPARα eine reduzierte Fettsäurenoxidation auslöst, die - sofern kompensatorisch die Glukoseoxidation gesteigert werden kann - als günstig eingestuft wird. Es verbleiben aber verminderte PPARα-Einflüsse auf z. B. anti-inflammatorische Mechanismen. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, ob es Pharmaka gibt, die zu einer Normalisierung reduzierter PPARα-Wirkungen führen, ohne dass die Fettsäurenoxidation gesteigert wird. Als Leitsubstanz dieser „Fettsäurenoxidationshemmer mit PPARα-Aktivierung” wurde Etomoxir, ein Hemmer der Carnitin-Palmitoyl-Transferase-1 charakterisiert, das zu einer Steigerung der Ca2+ -Pumpe des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums, einer schnelleren Relaxation und einer verlangsamten Progression der Herzinsuffizienz im Tierversuch führt. Es sollte daher geprüft werden, ob die eingeschränkte Funktion druckbelasteter hypertrophierter Kardiozyten vor allem älterer Patienten ein Therapieziel sein sollte, bevor es zur Progression der Herzinsuffizienz und Symptomen wie Kurzatmigkeit kommt.
Summary
In elderly patients, an inadequately treated high blood pressure often leads to hypertrophied cardiomyocytes with various defects in gene expression. Due to a decreased expression of the transcription factor PPARα, fatty acid oxidation is reduced. If it can be compensated by an increased glucose oxidation, it has been considered as a favorable process. Nonetheless, reduced PPARα influences ensue involving e. g. anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The question arises thus whether drugs can normalize reduced PPARα effects without increasing fatty acid oxidation. As lead compound of these „fatty acid oxidation inhibitors with PPARα activation”, the carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibitor etomoxir was characterized. An increased expression and activity of the Ca2+ pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum, a faster relaxation and a slowed progression of heart failure was observed in animal experiments. It should, therefore, be examined whether the impaired function of pressure overloaded hypertrophied cardiomyocytes of particularly elderly patients should be a therapeutic target before progression of heart failure, neuroendocrine activation and symptoms such as shortness of breath occur.
Literatur
1
Barger P M, Brandt J M, Leone T C, Weinheimer C J, Kelly D P.
Deactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha during cardiac hypertrophic growth.
J Clin Invest.
2000;
105
1723-1730
2
Bristow M.
Etomoxir: a new approach to treatment of chronic heart failure.
Lancet.
2000;
356
1621-1622
3
Cabrero A, Merlos M, Laguna J C, Carrera M V.
Down-regulation of acyl-CoA oxidase gene expression and increased NF-kappaB activity in etomoxir-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
J Lipid Res.
2003;
44
388-398
4
Chaitman B R.
Efficacy and safety of a metabolic modulator drug in chronic stable angina: review of evidence from clinical trials.
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther.
2004;
9
(Suppl 1)
S47-64
5
Chou C J, Haluzik M, Gregory C, Dietz K R, Vinson C, Gavrilova O, Reitman M L.
WY14,643, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha ) agonist, improves hepatic and muscle steatosis and reverses insulin resistance in lipoatrophic A-ZIP/F-1 mice.
J Biol Chem.
2002;
277
24 484-24 489
6
Delerive P, De Bosscher K, Besnard S, Vanden Berghe W, Peters J M, Gonzalez F J, Fruchart J C, Tedgui A, Haegeman G, Staels B.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha negatively regulates the vascular inflammatory gene response by negative cross-talk with transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1.
J Biol Chem.
1999;
274
32 048-32 054
7
Devchand P R, Keller H, Peters J M, Vazquez M, Gonzalez F J, Wahli W.
The PPARalpha-leukotriene B4 pathway to inflammation control.
Nature.
1996;
384
39-43
8
Diep Q N, Benkirane K, Amiri F, Cohn J S, Endemann D, Schiffrin E L.
PPAR alpha activator fenofibrate inhibits myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in angiotensin II-infused rats.
J Mol Cell Cardiol.
2004;
36
295-304
9
Finck B N, Kelly D P.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) signaling in the gene regulatory control of energy metabolism in the normal and diseased heart.
J Mol Cell Cardiol.
2002;
34
1249-1257
10
Gervois P, Torra I P, Fruchart J C, Staels B.
Regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism by PPAR activators.
Clin Chem Lab Med.
2000;
38
3-11
11
Guatimosim S, Dilly K, Santana L F, Saleet M, Sobie E A, Lederer W J.
Local Ca(2+) signaling and EC coupling in heart: Ca(2+) sparks and the regulation of the [Ca(2+)](i) transient.
J Mol Cell Cardiol.
2002;
34
941-950
12
Hasenfuss G, Reinecke H, Studer R, Meyer M, Pieske B, Holtz J, Holubarsch C, Posival H, Just H, Drexler H.
Relation between myocardial function and expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase in failing and nonfailing human myocardium.
Circ Res.
1994;
75
434-442
13
Iemitsu M, Miyauchi T, Maeda S, Tanabe T, Takanashi M, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Sakai S, Ohmori H, Matsuda M, Yamaguchi I.
Aging-induced decrease in the PPAR-alpha level in hearts is improved by exercise training.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.
2002;
283
H1750-H1760
14
Karbowska J, Kochan Z, Smolenski R T.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is downregulated in the failing human heart.
Cell Mol Biol Lett.
2003;
8
49-53
15
Kates A M, Herrero P, Dence C, Soto P, Srinivasan M, Delano D G, Ehsani A, Gropler R J.
Impact of aging on substrate metabolism by the human heart.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2003;
41
293-299
16
Mak G S, DeMaria A, Clopton P, Maisel A S.
Utility of B-natriuretic peptide in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function: comparison with tissue Doppler imaging recordings.
Am Heart J.
2004;
148
895-902
17
Narimiya M, Azhar S, Dolkas C B, Mondon C E, Sims C, Wright D W, Reaven G M.
Insulin resistance in older rats.
Am J Physiol.
1984;
246
E397-404
18
Nikolaidis L A, Elahi D, Hentosz T, Doverspike A, Huerbin R, Zourelias L, Stolarski C, Shen Y T, Shannon R P.
Recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake and improves left ventricular performance in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.
Circulation.
2004;
110
955-961
19
Pfister R, Erdmann E, Schneider C A.
Die natriuretischen Peptide BNP und NT-pro-BNP - die „neuen Troponine”der Herzinsuffizienz?.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
2003;
128
1007-1012
20
Portilla D, Dai G, Peters J M, Gonzalez F J, Crew M D, Proia A D.
Etomoxir-induced PPARalpha-modulated enzymes protect during acute renal failure.
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
2000;
278
F667-F675
21
Rupp H, Elimban V, Dhalla N S.
Modification of myosin isozymes and SR Ca(2+)-pump ATPase of the diabetic rat heart by lipid-lowering interventions.
Mol Cell Biochem.
1994;
132
69-80
22
Rupp H, Schulze W, Vetter R.
Dietary medium-chain triglycerides can prevent changes in myosin and SR due to CPT-1 inhibition by etomoxir.
Am J Physiol.
1995;
269
R630-640
23
Rupp H, Vetter R.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum function and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibition during progression of heart failure.
Br J Pharmacol.
2000;
131
1748-1756
24
Rupp H, Zarain-Herzberg A, Maisch B.
The use of partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitors for metabolic therapy of angina pectoris and heart failure.
Herz.
2002;
27
621-636
25 Rupp H, Zarain-Herzberg A, Maisch B. Drug development based on functional genomics of overloaded cardiomyocytes: CPT1 vs. PPARalpha effects of etomoxir. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston In Frontiers in Cardiovascular Health. Dhalla,N.S.; Chockalingam,A.; Berkowitz,H.I.; Singal,P.K., eds. 2003: 177-194
26
Ruppert V, Maisch B.
Mitochondrial DNA deletions in cardiomyopathies.
Herz.
2000;
25
161-167
27
Sambandam N, Lopaschuk G D, Brownsey R W, Allard M F.
Energy metabolism in the hypertrophied heart.
Heart Fail Rev.
2002;
7
161-173
28
Schäfer S A, Hansen B C, Völkl A, Fahimi H D, Pill J.
Biochemical and morphological effects of K-111, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha activator, in non-human primates.
Biochem Pharmacol.
2004;
68
239-251
29
Schmidt-Schweda S, Holubarsch C.
First clinical trial with etomoxir in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.
Clin Sci (Colch).
2000;
99
27-35
30
Sharma A M, Wittchen H U, Kirch W, Pittrow D, Ritz E, Goke B, Lehnert H, Tschope D, Krause P, Hofler M, Pfister H, Bramlage P, Unger T.
High prevalence and poor control of hypertension in primary care: cross-sectional study.
J Hypertens.
2004;
22
479-486
31
Stanley W C.
Myocardial energy metabolism during ischemia and the mechanisms of metabolic therapies.
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther.
2004;
9
(Suppl 1)
S31-45
32
Surapureddi S, Yu S, Bu H, Hashimoto T, Yeldandi A V, Kashireddy P, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Qi C, Zhu Y J, Rao M S, Reddy J K.
Identification of a transcriptionally active peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-interacting cofactor complex in rat liver and characterization of PRIC285 as a coactivator.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
2002;
99
11 836-11 841
33
Taegtmeyer H.
Cardiac metabolism as a target for the treatment of heart failure.
Circulation.
2004;
110
894-896
34
Turcani M, Rupp H.
Etomoxir improves left ventricular performance of pressure - overloaded rat heart.
Circulation.
1997;
96
3681-3686
35
Turcani M, Thormaehlen D, Rupp H.
Tedisamil attenuates foetal transformation of myosin in the hypertrophied rat myocardium.
Br J Pharmacol.
2004;
143
561-572
36
Young M E, Laws F A, Goodwin G W, Taegtmeyer H.
Reactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is associated with contractile dysfunction in hypertrophied rat heart.
J Biol Chem.
2001;
276
44 390-44 395
37
Zarain-Herzberg A, Rupp H.
Transcriptional modulators targeted at fuel metabolism of hypertrophied heart.
Am J Cardiol.
1999;
83
31H-37H
38
Zarain-Herzberg A, Rupp H.
Therapeutic potential of CPT I inhibitors: cardiac gene transcription as a target.
Expert Opin Investig Drugs.
2002;
11
345-356
Prof. Dr. Heinz Rupp
Molekular-kardiologisches Labor
Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1
35033 Marburg
Phone: 06421/2865032
Fax: 06421/2868964
Email: Rupp@staff.uni-marburg.de