Zusammenfassung
Lange Zeit galt Oxytocin als ein reines Schwangerschaftshormon, das von der Hypophyse zur Wehenstimulation und Milchejektion abgegeben wird. Zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Arbeiten liegen heute vor, die über Oxytocinfunktionen auch außerhalb der Schwangerschaft berichten. So ist bekannt, dass Oxytocinrezeptoren fast ubiquitär im Organismus vorkommen, Oxytocin auch außerhalb des Gehirns gebildet wird und Oxytocin in verschiedenen Organen spezifische Wirkungen auszuüben in der Lage ist. Obwohl der Großteil der Erkenntnisse auf Ergebnissen von Tierexperimenten basiert, gibt es bereits eine Reihe von Studien, die auf Oxytocinwirkungen auch beim Menschen hinweisen.
Abstract
For a long time, oxytocin was regarded as a pregnancy hormone released by the hypophysis to stimulate labour and milk ejection. However, there are numerous research data indicating functions of oxytocin outside pregnancy. It is now known that oxytocin receptors can occur almost ubiquitously in the organism, that oxytocin is also formed outside of the brain, and that oxytocin has functions in a number of organs. Although the majority of findings are based on the results of animal experiments, there are already a number of studies that indicate similar effects of oxytocin in humans.
Literatur
-
1 Graves C R. Agents that cause contraction or relaxation of the uterus. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York; McGraw-Hill Health Professions Division 1996: 939-949
-
2
Du Vigneaud V, Ressler C, Swan J M, Robert C W, Katsoyannis P G, Gordon S.
The synthesis of an octapeptide amide with the hormonal activity of oxytocin.
J Am Chem Soc.
1954;
75
4879-4880
-
3 Cunningham F G, MacDonald P C, Gant N F, Leveno K J, Gilstrap L C, Hankins G DV, Clark S L. Williams Obstetrics. 20th ed. London; Prentice Hall International 2001: 294
-
4
Fuchs A R, Romero R, Keefe D, Parra M, Oyarzun E, Behnke E.
Oxytocin secretion and human parturition: Pulse frequency and duration increase during spontaneous labor in women.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1991;
165
1515-1523
-
5
Parker S L, Crowley W R.
Central stimulation of oxytocin release in the lactating rat: interaction of neuropeptide Y with alpha-1-adrenergic mechanisms.
Endocrinology.
1993;
132
658-666
-
6
Parker S L, Crowley W R.
Stimulation of oxytocin release in the lactating rat by a central interaction of alpha-1-adrenergic and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid-sensitive excitatory amino acid mechanisms.
Endocrinology.
1993;
133
2855-2860
-
7
Bagdy G, Arato M.
Gender-dependent dissociation between oxytocin but not ACTH, Cortisol or TSH response to m-chlorophenylpiperazine in healthy subjects.
Psychopharm.
1998;
136
342-348
-
8
Gillespie A, Brummer H C, Chard T.
Oxytocin release by infused prostaglandin.
Brit Med J.
1972;
1
543-544
-
9
Nathorst-Böös J, Stock S, von Schoultz B.
Effects of oophorectomy and estrogen treatment on basal levels and 24-h profiles of oxytocin.
Gynecol Endocrinol.
1994;
8
127-132
-
10
Stock S, Karlsson R, von Schoultz B.
Serum profiles of oxytocin during oral contraceptive treatment.
Gynecological Endocrinology.
1994;
8
121-126
-
11
Chiodera P, Gnudi A, Rossi G, Camellini L, Caiazza A, Marchesi C, Bianconi L, Volpi R, Coiro V.
Dopaminergic but not cholinergic involvement in regulation of hypoglycemia induced oxytocin release in man.
Psychoneuroendocrinology.
1989;
14
203-208
-
12
Volpi R, Chiodera P, Capretti L, Caffari G, Giuliani N, Caiazza A, Cioro V.
Effect of residual endogenous insulin secretion on the abnormal oxytocin response to hypoglycaemia in insulin-dependent diabetes.
J Intern Med.
1998;
244
43-48
-
13
Gimpl G, Fahrenholz F.
The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function and regulation.
Physiological Reviews.
2001;
81
629-683
-
14
Lang R E, Heil J W, Ganten D, Hermann K, Unger T, Rascher W.
Oxytocin unlike vasopressin is a stress hormone in the rat.
Neuroendocrinology.
1983;
37
314-316
-
15
Fruhstorfer B, Pritsch M G, Ott P, Sturm G.
Effects of daytime noise load on the sleep-wake cycle and endocrine patterns in man: II 24 hours secretion of anterior and posterior pituitary hormones and cortisol.
Int J Neurosci.
1988;
39
211-221
-
16
Sanders G, Freilicher J, Lightman S L.
Psychological stress of exposure to uncontrollable noise increases plasma oxytocin in high emotionality women.
Psychoneuroendocrinology.
1990;
15
47-58
-
17
Carmichael M S, Humbert R, Dixen J, Palmisano G, Greenleaf W, Davidson J M.
Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1987;
64
27-31
-
18
Carmichael M S, Warburton V L, Dixen J, Davidson J M.
Relationships among cardiovascular, muscular and oxytocin responses during human sexual activity.
Arch Sex Behav.
1994;
23
59-79
-
19
Richter O N, Tschubel K, Schmolling J, Kupka M, Ulrich U, Wardelmann E.
Immunohistochemical reactivity of myometrial oxytocin receptor in extracorporeally perfused nonpregnant human uteri.
Arch Gynecol Obstet.
2003;
269
16-24
-
20
Kunz G, Noe M, Herbertz M, Leyendecker G.
Uterine peristalsis during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: Effects of oestrogen, antioestrogen and oxytocin.
Hum Reprod Update.
1998;
4
647-654
-
21
Wildt L, Kissler S, Licht P, Becker W.
Sperm transport in the human female genital tract and its modulation by oxytocin as assessed by hysterosalpingoscintigraphy, hysterotonography, electrohysterography and Dopplersonography.
Hum Reprod Update.
1998;
4
655-666
-
22
Bennegard-Eden B, Hahlin M, Kindahl H.
Interaction between oxytocin and prostaglandin F2alpha in human corpus luteum?.
Hum Reprod.
1995;
10
2320-2324
-
23
Rettori V, Canteros G, McCann S M.
Interaction between NO and oxytocin: influence on LHRH release.
Braz J Med Biol Res.
1997;
30
453-457
-
24
Hull M L, Reid R A, Evans J J, Benny P S, Aickin D R.
Preovulatory oxytocin administration promotes the onset of the luteinizing hormone surge in human females.
Hum Reprod.
1995;
10
2266-2269
-
25
Steinwall H, Hansson S, Bossmar T, Larsson I, Pilka R, Akerlund M.
Oxytocin mRNA content in the endometrium of nonpregnant women.
Brit J Obstet Gyneac.
2004;
111
266-270
-
26
Ivell R, Balvers M, Rust W, Bathgate R, Einspanier A.
Oxytocin and male reproductive function.
Adv Exp Med Biol.
1997;
424
253-264
-
27
Nicholson H D, Guldenaar S E, Boer G J, Pickering B T.
Testicular oxytocin: effects of intratesticular oxytocin in the rat.
J Endocrinol.
1991;
130
231-238
-
28
Nicholson H D, Jenkin L.
Oxytocin and prostatic function.
Adv Exp Med Biol.
1995;
395
529-538
-
29
Argiolas A.
Oxytocin stimulation of penile erection. Pharmacology, site, and mechanism of action.
Ann NY Acad Sci.
1992;
652
194-203
-
30
Frayne J, Nicholson H D.
Localisation of oxytocin receptors in the human and macaque monkey male reproductive tracts: evidence for a physiological role of oxytocin in the male.
Mol Hum Reprod.
1998;
4
527-532
-
31
Lidberg L.
The effect of Syntocinon on patients suffering from impotence.
Pharmakopsychiat.
1972;
5
187-190
-
32
Lidberg L, Sternthal V.
A new approach to the hormonal treatment of impotentia erectionis.
Pharmakopsychiat.
1977;
10
21-25
-
33
Amico J A, Finn F M, Haldar J.
Oxytocin and vasopressin are present in human and rat pancreas.
Am J Med Sci.
1988;
296
303-307
-
34
Alszuler N, Hampshire J.
Oxytocin infusion increases plasma insulin and glucagon levels and glucose production and uptake in the normal dog.
Diabetes.
1981;
30
112-114
-
35
Knudtzon J.
Acute effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on plasma levels of glucagon, insulin and glucose in rabbits.
Horm Metab Res.
1983;
15
103-104
-
36
Stock S, Fastborn J, Bjorkstrand E, Ingerstedt U, Uvnäs-Moberg K.
Effect of oxytocin on in vivo release of insulin and glucagon studied by microdialysis in the rat pancreas and autoradiographic evidence for [3H] oxytocin binding sites within the islets of Langerhans.
Regulatory Peptides.
1990;
30
1-13
-
37
Paolisso G, Sgambato S, Giugliano D, Pizza G, Tesauro P, Varricchio M, D'Onofrio F.
Effects of oxytocin delivery on counter-regulatory hormone response in insulin-dependent (type I) diabetic subjects.
Horm Res.
1989;
31
250-255
-
38
Paolisso G, Pizza G, DeRiu S, Marrazzo G, Sgambato S, Gingliano D, Varricchio M, D'Onofrio F.
Effects of oxytocin upon the endocrine pancreas secretion and glucose turnover in normal men.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh).
1990;
122
467-471
-
39
Gutkowska J, Jankowski M, Mukaddam-Daher S, McCann S M.
Oxytocin is a cardiovascular hormone.
Braz J Med Biol Res.
2000;
33
625-633
-
40
Thibonnier M, Conarty D M, Preston J A, Plesnicher C L, Dweik R A, Erzurum S C.
Human vascular endothelial cells express oxytocin receptors.
Endocrinology.
1999;
140
1301-1309
-
41
Coulson C C, Thorp J M, Mayer D C, Cefalo R C.
Central hemodynamic effects of oxytocin and interaction with magnesium and pregnancy in the isolated perfused rat heart.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1997;
177
91-93
-
42
Jankowski M, Hajjar F, Kawas S A, Mukaddam D S, Hoffman G, McCann S M, Gutkowska J.
Rat heart: a site of oxytocin production and action.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1998;
95
14558-14563
-
43
Gutkowska J, Jankowski M, Lambert C, Mukaddam D S, Zingg H H, McCann S M.
Oxytocin releases atrial natriuretic peptide by combining with oxytocin receptors in the heart.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1997;
94
11704-11709
-
44
Johnstone M.
The cardiovascular effects of oxytocic drugs.
Br J Anaesth.
1972;
44
826
-
45
Hendricks C H, Brenner W E.
Cardiovascular effect of oxytocin drugs used post partum.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1970;
108
751-760
-
46
Stolz-Born G, Widder B, Born J.
Vascular effects of oxytocin on human middle cerebral artery determined by transcranial Doppler sonography.
Regulatory Peptides.
1996;
62
37-39
-
47
Nakamura H, Itakuara A, Okamura M, Ito M, Iwase A, Nakanishi Y, Okada M, Nagasak T, Mizutani S.
Oxytocin stimulates the translocation of oxytocinase of human vascular endothelial cells via activation of oxytocin receptors.
Endocrinology.
2000;
141
4481-4485
-
48
Nagasaka T, Nomura S, Okamura M, Tsujimoto M, Nakazato H, Oiso Y, Nakashima N, Mizutani S.
Immunohistochemical localisation of placental leucine aminopeptidase (oxytocinase) in normal human placental, fetal and adult tissues.
Reprod Fertil Dev.
1997;
9
747-753
-
49
Conrad K P, Gellai M, North W G, Valtin H.
Influence of oxytocin on renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion.
Ann NY Acad Sci.
1993;
689
346-362
-
50
Ostrowski N L, Lolait S J.
Oxytocin receptor gene expression in female rat kidney. The effect of estrogen.
Adv Exp Med Biol.
1995;
395
329-340
-
51
Chan W Y.
Renal prostaglandins and natriuretic action of oxytocin and vasopressin in rats.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
1988;
246
603-609
-
52
Lauersen N H, Birnbaum S J.
Water intoxication associated with oxytocin administration during saline-induced abortion.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1975;
121
2-6
-
53
Legros J J.
Oxytocin: a natural means of treating psychological stress.
Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg.
2002;
157
383-389
-
54
McCarthy M M, McDonald C H, Brooks P J, Goldman D.
An anxiolytic action of oxytocin is enhanced by estrogen in the mouse.
Physiol Behav.
1996;
60
1209-1215
-
55
Windle R J, Shanks N, Lightman S L, Ingram C D.
Central oxytocin administration reduces stress-induced corticosterone release and anxiety behavior in rats.
Endocrinology.
1997;
138
2829-2834
-
56
Arletti R, Bertolini A.
Oxytocin acts as an antidepressant in two animal models of depression.
Life Sci.
1987;
41
1725-1730
-
57
Klein D F, Skrobolo A M, Garfinkel R S.
Preliminary look at the effects of pregnancy on the course of panic disorders.
Anxiety.
1995;
1
227-232
-
58
Heinrichs M, Baumgartner T, Kirschbaum C, Ehlert U.
Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress.
Biol Psychiatry.
2003;
54
1389-1398
-
59
De Wied D, Gaffori O, Burbach J P, Kovacs G L, Van Ree J M.
Structure activity relationship studies with C-terminal fragments of vasopressin and oxytocin on avoidance behaviors of rats.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
1987;
241
268-274
-
60
Ibragimov R S.
Influence of neurophysial peptides on the formation of active avoidance conditioned reflex behavior.
Neurosci Behav Physiol.
1990;
20
189-193
-
61
Bruins J, Higman R, Van Ree J M.
Effect of a single dose of des-glycinamide-[Arg8]vasopressin or oxytocin on cognitive processes in joining healthy subjects.
Peptides.
1992;
13
461-468
-
62
Coldwell J D.
Central oxytocin and female sexual behavior.
Ann NY Acad Sci.
1992;
652
166-179
-
63
Insel I R.
Oxytocin, a neuropeptide for affiliation: evidence from behavioral, receptor autoradiographic, and comparative studies.
Psychoneuroendocrinology.
1992;
17
3-35
-
64
Cushing B S, Carter C S.
Prior exposure to oxytocin mimics the effects of social contact and facilitates sexual behaviour in females.
J Neuroendocrinol.
1999;
11
765-769
-
65
Melis M R, Argiolas A, Gessa G L.
Oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in the brain.
Brain Res.
1986;
398
259-265
-
66
Kimura T, Ito Y, Einspanier A, Tohya K, Nobunaga T, Tokugawa Y, Takemura M, Kubota Y, Ivell R, Matsuura N, Safji F, Murata Y.
Expression and immunolocalisation of the oxytocin receptor in human lactating and non-lactating mammary glands.
Hum Reprod.
1998;
13
2645-2653
-
67
Ito Y, Kobayashi T, Kimura T, Matsuura N, Wagasugi E, Takeda T, Shimano T, Kubota Y, Nobunaga T, Makino Y, Azuma C, Saji F, Monden M.
Investigation of the oxytocin receptor expression in human breast cancer tissue using newly established antibodies.
Endocrinology.
1996;
137
773-779
-
68
Sapino A, Marci L, Tonda L, Bussolati G.
Oxytocin enhances myoepithelial cell differentiation and proliferation in the mouse mammary gland.
Endocrinology.
1993;
133
838-842
-
69
Cassoni P, Sapino A, Negro F, Bussolati G.
Oxytocin inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines.
Virchows Arch.
1994;
425
467-472
-
70
Cassoni P, Sapino A, Fortunati N, Munaron L, Chini B, Bussolati G.
Oxytocin inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cells via cyclic adenosine monophosphate and protein kinase A.
Int J Cancer.
1997;
72
340-344
-
71
Taylor A H, Ang V T, Jenkins J S, Silverlight J J, Coombes R C, Lugmani Y A.
Interaction of vasopressin and oxytocin with human breast carcinoma cells.
Cancer Res.
1990;
50
7882-7886
-
72
Cassoni P, Sapino A, Papotti M, Bussolati G.
Oxytocin and oxytocin analogue F 314 inhibit cell proliferation and tumor growth of rat and mouse mammary carcinomas.
Int J Cancer.
1996;
66
817-820
Prof. Dr. T. H. Lippert
Universitäts-Frauenklinik
Calwer Straße 7
72076 Tübingen
Deutschland
Email: endo.meno@med.uni-tuebingen.de
