Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2005; 18(2): 85-95
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-870889
Copyright © 2005 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Treatment of Obstructed Defecation

C. Neal Ellis1
  • 1Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
24. Mai 2005 (online)

ABSTRACT

Obstructed defecation is a common problem that adversely affects the quality of life for many patients. Known causes of obstructed defecation include pelvic dyssynergy, rectocele, rectal intussusception, enterocele, pelvic organ prolapse, and overt rectal prolapse. Management of this condition requires an understanding of urinary, defecatory, and sexual function to achieve optimal outcomes. The goal of surgical treatment is to restore the various pelvic organs to their appropriate anatomic positions. However, there is a poor correlation between anatomic and functional results. It must be remembered that the pelvis contains many structures and that defects of pelvic support or function frequently affect other pelvic organs. Optimal outcomes can be achieved only by selecting appropriate treatment modalities that address all of the components of an individual patient's problem.

REFERENCES

  • 1 Snooks S J, Setchell M, Swash M, Henry M M. Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth.  Lancet. 1988;  2 546-550
  • 2 Sultan A H, Monga A K, Stanton S L. The pelvic floor sequelae of childbirth.  Br J Hosp Med. 1996;  55 575-579
  • 3 DeLancey J OL. Anatomic aspects of vaginal eversion after vaginal hysterectomy.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;  166 1717-1724
  • 4 Peschers U M, Schaer G N, DeLancey J OL, Schuessler B. Levator ani function before and after childbirth.  Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;  104 1004-1008
  • 5 Gill E J, Hurt W G. Pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse.  Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1998;  25 757-769
  • 6 Norton P A, Baker J E, Sharp H C, Warenski J C. Genitourinary prolapse and joint hypermobility in women.  Obstet Gynecol. 1995;  85 225-228
  • 7 Smith A R. Role of connective tissue and muscle in pelvic floor dysfunction.  Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 1994;  6 317-319
  • 8 Olsen A L, Smith V J, Bergstrom J O, Colling J C, Clark A L. Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence.  Obstet Gynecol. 1997;  89 501-506
  • 9 Preston D M, Lennard-Jones J E. Anismus in chronic constipation.  Dig Dis Sci. 1985;  30 413-418
  • 10 Wald A, Caruana B J, Freimanis M G, Bauman D H, Hinds J P. Contributions of evacuation proctography and anorectal manometry to the evaluation of adults with constipation and defecatory difficulty.  Dig Dis Sci. 1990;  35 481-487
  • 11 Kuijpers H C, Bleijenberg G. The spastic pelvic floor syndrome: a cause of constipation.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;  28 669-672
  • 12 Roberts J P, Womack N R, Hallan R I, Thorpe A C, Williams N S. Evidence from dynamic integrated proctography to redefine anismus.  Br J Surg. 1992;  79 1213-1215
  • 13 Fleshman J W, Dreznik Z, Cohen E, Fry R D, Kodner I J. Balloon expulsion test facilitates diagnosis of pelvic floor outlet obstruction due to nonrelaxing puborectalis muscle.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;  35 1019-1025
  • 14 Whitehead W E, Wald A, Diamant N E, Enck P, Pemberton J H, Rao S S. Functional disorders of the anus and rectum.  Gut. 1999;  45(suppl 2) II55-II59
  • 15 Lau C W, Heyman S, Alabaz O, Iroatulam A J, Wexner S D. Prognostic significance of rectocele, intussusception, and abnormal perineal descent in biofeedback treatment for constipated patients with paradoxical puborectalis contraction.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;  43 478-482
  • 16 Enck P. Biofeedback training in disordered defecation: a critical review.  Dig Dis Sci. 1993;  38 1953-1960
  • 17 Rao S S, Enck P, Loening-Baucke V. Biofeedback therapy for defecation disorders.  Dig Dis Sci. 1997;  15(suppl 1) 78-92
  • 18 Diamant N E, Kamm M A, Wald A, Whitehead W E. AGA technical review on anorectal testing techniques.  Gastroenterology. 1999;  116 735-760
  • 19 Gilliland R, Heymen S, Altomere D F, Park U C, Vickers D, Wexner S D. Outcome and predictors of success of biofeedback for constipation.  Br J Surg. 1997;  84 1123-1126
  • 20 Chiotakakou-Faliakou E, Kamm M A, Roy A J, Storrie J B, Turner I C. Biofeedback provides long term benefit for patients with intractable, slow and normal transit constipation.  Gut. 1998;  42 517-521
  • 21 Dahl J, Lindquist B L, Tysk C, Leissner P, Philipson L, Jarnerot G. Behavioral medicine treatment in chronic constipation with paradoxical anal sphincter contraction.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;  34 769-776
  • 22 Rao S S. The technical aspects of biofeedback therapy for defecation disorders.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000;  6 96-103
  • 23 Heymen S, Jones K R, Scarlett Y, Whitehead W E. Biofeedback treatment of constipation. A critical review.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;  46 1208-1217
  • 24 Sailer M, Bussen D, Debus E S, Fuchs K S, Thiede A. Quality of life in patients with benign anorectal disorders.  Br J Surg. 1998;  85 1716-1719
  • 25 Heymen S, Wexner S D, Gulledge A D. MMPI assessment of patients with functional bowel disorders.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;  36 593-596
  • 26 Nehra V, Bruce B, Rath-Harvey D M, Pemberton J H, Camilleri M. Psychological disorders in patients with evacuation disorders and constipation in a tertiary practice.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;  95 1755-1758
  • 27 Dykes S, Smilgin-Humphries S, Bass C. Chronic idiopathic constipation: a psychological enquiry.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;  13 39-44
  • 28 Koutsomanis D, Lennard-Jones J E, Roy A J, Kamm M A. Controlled randomized trial of visual biofeedback versus muscle training without a visual display for intractable constipation.  Gut. 1995;  37 95-99
  • 29 Jones K R, Heymen S, Whitehead W E. Biofeedback for anorectal disorders. In: Drutz HP, Hershorn S, Diamant NE Urogynaecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery London; Springer-Verlag 2003: 313-325
  • 30 McKee R F, McEnroe L, Anderson J H, Finlay I G. Identification of patients likely to benefit from biofeedback for outlet obstruction constipation.  Br J Surg. 1999;  86 355-359
  • 31 Rhee P L, Choi M S, Kim Y H. An increased rectal maximum tolerable volume and long anal canal are associated with poor short-term response to biofeedback therapy for patients with anismus with decreased bowel frequency and normal colonic transit time.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;  43 1405-1411
  • 32 Karlbom U, Hallden M, Eeg-Olofsson K E, Pahlman L, Graf W. Results of biofeedback in constipated patients: a prospective study.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40 1149-1155
  • 33 Rao S S, Welcher K D, Pelsing R E. Effects of biofeedback on anorectal function in obstructed defecation.  Dig Dis Sci. 1997;  42 2197-2205
  • 34 Patankar S K, Ferrara A, Levy J R, Larach S W, Williamson P R, Perozo S E. Biofeedback in colorectal practice: a multicenter, statewide, three-year experience.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40 827-831
  • 35 Glia A, Glyin M, Gullberg K, Lindberg G. Biofeedback retraining in patients with functional constipation and paradoxical puborectalis contraction: comparison of anal manometry and sphincter electromyography for feedback.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40 889-895
  • 36 Ho Y H, Tan M, Goh H S. Clinical and physiological effects of biofeedback in outlet obstruction constipation.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;  39 520-524
  • 37 Joo J S, Agachan F, Wolff B, Nogueras J J, Wexner S D. Initial North American experience with botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of anismus.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;  39 1107-1111
  • 38 Hallan R I, Williams N S, Melling J, Waldron D J, Womack N R, Morrison J FB. Treatment of anismus in intractable constipation with botulinum.  Lancet. 1988;  2 714-717
  • 39 Yu D H, Cui F D. Surgical treatment of puborectalis syndrome.  J Pract Surg. 1990;  10 1599-1600
  • 40 Barnes P RH, Hawley P R, Preston D M, Lennard-Jones J E. Experience of posterior division of the puborectalis muscle in the management of chronic constipation.  Br J Surg. 1985;  72 475-477
  • 41 Kamm M A, Hawley P R, Lennard-Jones J E. Lateral division of the puborectalis muscle in the management of severe constipation.  Br J Surg. 1988;  75 661-663
  • 42 Richardson A C. The anatomic defects in rectocele and enterocele.  J Pelvic Surg. 1995;  1 214-221
  • 43 Bartolo D C, Roe A M, Virjee J, Mortensen N J, Locke-Edmunds J C. An analysis of rectal morphology in obstructed defecation.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 1988;  3 17-22
  • 44 Turnbull G K, Bartram C I, Lennard-Jones J E. Radiologic studies of rectal evacuation in adults with chronic constipation.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;  31 190-197
  • 45 Sarles J C, Arnaud A, Selezneff I, Olivier S. Endorectal repair of rectocele.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 1989;  4 167-171
  • 46 Pfeifer J, Agachan F, Wexner S D. Surgery for constipation: a review.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;  39 444-460
  • 47 Arnold M W, Stewart W RC, Aguilar P S. Rectocele repair: a four year's experience.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;  33 684-687
  • 48 Sehapayak S. Transrectal repair of rectocele: an extended armamentarium of colorectal surgeons.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;  28 422-433
  • 49 van Dam J H, Huisman W M, Hop W CJ, Schouten W R. Fecal continence after rectocele repair: a prospective study.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2000;  15 54-57
  • 50 Ayabaca S M, Zbar A P, Pescatori M. Anal continence after rectocele repair.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;  45 63-69
  • 51 Ting K H, Mangel E, Eibl-Eibesfeldt B, Muller-Lissner S A. Is the volume retained after defecation a valuable parameter at defecography?.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;  35 762-768
  • 52 Halligan S, Bartram C I. Is barium trapping in rectoceles significant?.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;  38 764-768
  • 53 Infantino A, Masin A, Melega E, Dodi G, Lise M. Does surgery resolve outlet obstruction for rectocele?.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;  10 97-100
  • 54 Mellgren A, Anzen B, Nilsson B Y et al.. Results of rectocele repair. A prospective study.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;  38 7-13
  • 55 Murthy V K, Orkin B A, Smith L E, Glassman L M. Excellent outcome using selective criteria for rectocele repair.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;  39 374-378
  • 56 Karlbom U, Graf W, Nilsson S, Pahlman L. Does surgical repair of a rectocele improve rectal emptying?.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;  39 1296-1302
  • 57 van Dam J H, Ginai A Z, Gosselink M J et al.. Role of defecography in predicting clinical outcome of rectocele repair.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40 201-207
  • 58 Tjandra J J, Ooi B S, Tang C L, Dwyer P, Carey M. Transanal repair of rectocele corrects obstructed defecation if it is not associated with anismus.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;  42 1544-1550
  • 59 Janssen L W, van Dijke C F. Selection criteria for anterior rectal wall repair in symptomatic rectocele and anterior rectal wall prolapse.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 1100-1107
  • 60 van Dam J H, Hop W JC, Schouten W R. Analysis of patients with poor outcome of rectocele repair.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;  43 1556-1560
  • 61 Jeffcoate T N. Posterior colpoperineorrhaphy.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1959;  77 490-502
  • 62 Kahn M A, Stanton S I. Posterior colporrhaphy: its effects on bowel and sexual function.  Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;  104 82-86
  • 63 Glavind K, Madsen H. A prospective study of the discrete fascial defect rectocele repair.  Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;  79 145-147
  • 64 Kenton K, Shott S, Brubaker L. Outcome after rectovaginal fascia reattachment for rectocele.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;  181 1360-1364
  • 65 Porter W E, Steele A, Walsh P, Kohli N, Karram M M. The anatomic and functional outcomes of defect-specific rectocele repairs.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;  181 1353-1359
  • 66 Cundiff G W, Weidner A C, Visco A G, Addison W A, Bump R C. An anatomic and functional assessment of the discrete defect rectocele repair.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;  179 1451-1457
  • 67 Kahn M A, Stanton S L. Techniques of rectocele repair and their effects on bowel function.  Int Urogynecol J. 1998;  9 37-47
  • 68 Ryhammer A M, Laurberg S, Sorenson F H. Effects of age on anal function in normal women.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 1997;  12 225-229
  • 69 Zbar A P, Lienemann A, Fritsch H, Beer-Gabel M, Pescatori M. Rectocele: pathogenesis and management.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2003;  18 369-384
  • 70 Khubchandani I T, Hakki A R, Sheets J A, Stasik J J. Endorectal repair of rectocele.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1983;  26 792-796
  • 71 Kahn M A, Stanton S L, Kumar D A. Randomized prospective trial of posterior colporrhaphy vs transanal repair of rectocele: preliminary findings.  Int Urogynecol J. 1997;  8 246-247
  • 72 Pitchford C A. Rectocele: a cause of anorectal pathological changes in women.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1967;  10 464-466
  • 73 Sullivan E S, Leaverton G H, Hardwick C E. Transrectal perineal repair: an adjunct to improved function after anorectal surgery.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1968;  11 106-114
  • 74 Khubchandani I T, Clancy J P, Rosen L, Riether R D, Stasik J J. Endorectal repair of a rectocele revisited.  Br J Surg. 1997;  84 89-91
  • 75 Ho Y H, Ang M, Nyam D, Tan M, Seow-Choen F. Transanal approach to rectocele may compromise anal sphincter pressures.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;  41 354-358
  • 76 Schouten W R, Gordon P H. Constipation. In: Gordon PH, Nivatvongs S Principles and Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum, and Anus St. Louis; Quality Medical Publishing 1999: 1214-1218
  • 77 Ellis C N. Anterior levatoroplasty for the treatment of chronic anterior anal fissures in women with an associated rectocele.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;  47 1170-1174
  • 78 Jansen L W, van Dijke C F. Selection criteria for anterior rectal wall repair in symptomatic rectocele and anterior rectal wall prolapse.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 1100-1107
  • 79 van Laarhoven C J, Kamm M A, Bartram C I, Halligan S, Hawley P R, Phillips R K. Relationship between anatomic and symptomatic long-term results after rectocele repair for impaired defecation.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;  42 204-210
  • 80 Block I R. Transrectal repair of a rectocele using an obliterative suture.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;  29 707-711
  • 81 Maurel J, Gignoux M. Surgical treatment of supralevator rectoceles. Value of transanal excision with automatic linear stapler.  Ann Chir. 1993;  47 326-330
  • 82 Boccasanta P, Venturi M, Salamina G, Cesana B M, Bernasconi F, Roviaro G. New trends in the surgical treatment of outlet obstruction: clinical and functional results of two novel transanal stapled techniques from a randomized controlled trial.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2004;  19 359-369
  • 83 Boccasanta P, Venturi M, Stuto A et al.. Stapled transrectal rectal resection for outlet obstruction: a prospective multicenter trial.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;  47 1285-1297
  • 84 Watson S J, Loder P B, Halligan S, Bartram C I, Kamm M A, Philips R K. Transperineal repair of symptomatic rectocele with Marlex mesh: a clinical, physiological, and radiological assessment of treatment.  J Am Coll Surg. 1996;  183 257-261
  • 85 Hoffman M J, Kodner I J, Fry R D. Internal intussusception of the rectum. Diagnosis and surgical management.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;  27 435-441
  • 86 Mellgren A, Schultz I, Johansson C, Dolk A. Internal rectal intussusception seldom develops into total rectal prolapse.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40 817-820
  • 87 Freimanis M G, Wald A, Caruana B, Bauman D H. Evacuation proctography in normal volunteers.  Invest Radiol. 1991;  26 581-585
  • 88 Shorvon P J, McHugh S, Diamant N E, Somers S, Stevenson G. Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications.  Gut. 1989;  30 1737-1749
  • 89 van Tets W F, Kuijpers J HC. Internal intussusception-fact or fancy?.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;  38 1080-1083
  • 90 Brown A J, Anderson J H, McKee R F, Finlay I G. Surgery for occult rectal prolapse.  Colorect Dis. 2004;  6 176-179
  • 91 Kelvin F M, Maglinte D D, Benson J T. Evacuation proctography (defecography): an aid to the investigation of pelvic floor disorders.  Obstet Gynecol. 1994;  83 307-314
  • 92 Farouk R, Duthie G S, MacGregor A B, Bartolo D C. Rectoanal inhibition and incontinence in patients with rectal prolapse.  Br J Surg. 1994;  81 743-746
  • 93 Briel J W, Schouten W R, Boerma M O. Long term results of suture rectopexy in patients with fecal incontinence associated with incomplete rectal prolapse.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40 1228-1232
  • 94 Rutter K RP. Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome; its relation to mucosal prolapse.  Clin Gastroenterol. 1985;  4 505-530
  • 95 Goei R, Baeten C, Arends J W. Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Findings at barium enema study and defecography.  Radiology. 1988;  168 303-306
  • 96 Kuijpers H C, Shreve R H, ten Cate Hoedemakers H. Diagnosis of functional disorders of defecation causing the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;  29 126-129
  • 97 Halligan S, Nicholls R J, Bartram C I. Evacuation proctography in patients with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: anatomic abnormalities and frequency of impaired emptying and prolapse.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;  164 91-95
  • 98 Tjandra J J, Fazio V W, Church J M, Lavery I C, Oakley J R, Milsom J W. Clinical conundrum of solitary rectal ulcer.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;  35 227-234
  • 99 Binnie N R, Papachrysostoman M, Clare N, Smith A N. Solitary rectal ulcer: the place of biofeedback and surgery in the treatment of the syndrome.  World J Surg. 1992;  16 836-840
  • 100 Halligan S, Nicholls R J, Bartram C I. Proctographic changes after rectopexy for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and preoperative predictive factors for a successful outcome.  Br J Surg. 1995;  82 314-317
  • 101 Berman I R, Harris M S, Rabler M R. Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse. Patient selection, technique and three year follow-up.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;  33 573-580
  • 102 Christensen J, Zhu B W, Rasmussen O O, Sorensen M. Internal rectal intussusception: results of surgical repair.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;  35 1026-1029
  • 103 Sielezneff I, Malouf A, Cesari J, Brunet C, Sarles J C, Sastre B. Selection criteria for internal rectal prolapse repair by Delorme's transrectal excision.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;  42 367-372
  • 104 Graf W, Karlbom U, Pahlman L, Nilsson S, Ejerblad S. Functional results after abdominal suture rectopexy for rectal prolapse or intussusception.  Eur J Surg. 1996;  162 905-911
  • 105 McCue J L, Thomson J PS. Rectopexy for internal rectal intussusception.  Br J Surg. 1990;  77 632-634
  • 106 Mellgren A, Bremmer S, Johnansson C et al.. Defecography-results of investigation in 2816 patients.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 1133-1141
  • 107 Mellgren A, Johansson C, Dolk A et al.. Enterocele demonstrated by defecography is associated with other pelvic floor disorders.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 1994;  9 121-124
  • 108 Tulikangas P K, Piedmonte M R, Weber A M. Functional and anatomic follow-up of enterocele repairs.  Obstet Gynecol. 2001;  98 265-268
  • 109 Kobashi K C, Leach G E. Pelvic prolapse.  J Urol. 2000;  164 1879-1890
  • 110 Vanbeckevoort D, Van Hoe L, Oyen R, Ponette E, De Ridder D, Deprest J. Pelvic floor descent in females: comparative study of colpocystodefecography and dynamic fast MR imaging.  J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;  9 373-380
  • 111 Wiskind A K, Creighton S M, Stanton S L. The incidence of genital prolapse after the Burch colposuspension.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;  167 399-404
  • 112 Chaliha C, Stanton S L. Complications of surgery for genuine stress incontinence.  Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;  106 1238-1245
  • 113 Zimmern P E, Leach G E, Ganabathi K. The urological aspects of vaginal vault prolapse. Diagnosis and surgical aspects.  AUA Update Series. 1993;  XII 193-212
  • 114 Timmons M C, Addison W A, Addison S B, Cavenar M G. Abdominal sacral colpopexy in 163 women with posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse and enterocele.  J Reprod Med. 1992;  37 323-327
  • 115 Leach G E, Zimmern P, Staskin D et al.. Surgery for pelvic prolapse.  Semin Urol. 1986;  4 43-50
  • 116 Benson J T, Lucente V, McClellan E. Vaginal versus abdominal reconstructive surgery for the treatment of pelvic support defects: a prospective randomized study with long-term outcome evaluation.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;  175 1418-1422
  • 117 Miklos J R, Kohli N, Lucente V, Saye W B. Site-specific fascial defects in the diagnosis and surgical management of enterocele.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;  179 1418-1423
  • 118 Gosselink M J, van Dam J H, Huisman W M, Ginai A Z, Schouten W R. Treatment of enterocele by obliteration of the pelvic inlet.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;  42 940-944
  • 119 Jean F, Tanneau Y, LeBlanc-Louvry I, Leroi A M, Denis P, Michot F. Treatment of enterocele by abdominal colporectosacropexy-efficacy on pelvic pressure.  Colorect Dis. 2002;  4 321-326
  • 120 Mellgren A, Dolk A, Johansson C, Bremmer S, Anzen B, Holmstrom B. Enterocele is correctable using the Ripstein rectopexy.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 800-804
  • 121 Oettle G J, Roe A M, Bartolo D C, Mortensen N J. What is the best way of measuring perineal descent? A comparison of radiological and clinical methods.  Br J Surg. 1985;  72 999-1001
  • 122 Lubowski D Z, Jones P N, Swash M, Henry M M. Asymmetric pudendal nerve damage in pelvic floor disorders.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 1988;  3 158-160
  • 123 Sullivan E S, Longaker C J, Lee P YH. Total pelvic mesh repair: a ten year experience.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;  44 857-863
  • 124 Lahr S J, Lahr C J, Srinivasan A, Clerico E T, Limehouse V M, Serbezov I K. Operative management of severe constipation.  Am Surg. 1999;  65 1117-1121
  • 125 Welgoss J A, Vogt V Y, McClellan E J, Benson J T. Relationship between surgically induced neuropathy and outcome of pelvic organ prolapse surgery.  Int Urogynecol J. 1999;  10 11-14
  • 126 Benson J T, McClellan E. The effect of vaginal dissection on the pudendal nerve.  Obstet Gynecol. 1993;  82 387-389
  • 127 Benson J T. Defect approach to pelvic organ prolapse surgery. In: Stanton SL, Zimmern PE Female Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery London; Springer-Verlag 2003: 365-368
  • 128 Silvis R, Gooszen H G, Kahraman T et al.. Novel approach to combined defaecation and micturition disorders with rectovaginovesicopexy.  Br J Surg. 1998;  85 813-817
  • 129 Iglesia C B, Fenner D, Brubaker I. The use of mesh in gynecologic surgery.  Int Urogynecol J. 1997;  8 105-115

C. Neal EllisM.D. 

Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama

2451 Fillingim St., Mastin Bldg. 706

Mobile, AL 36617

eMail: nellis@usouthal.edu