Download PDF
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2007; 75(5): 267-274
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-915567
Übersicht
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Autismus und ADHS - Gibt es Gemeinsamkeiten?

Autism and ADHD - Are there Common Traits?J.  K.  Sinzig1 , G.  Lehmkuhl1
  • 1Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters am Klinikum der Universität Köln (Ärztlicher Direktor: Prof. Dr. G. Lehmkuhl)
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
24 November 2005 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Einleitung: Genetische, neuropsychologische und psychopathologische Befunde weisen auf einen Zusammenhang von autistischen Störungen und Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätssyndrom (ADHS) hin, die, obwohl sie nosologisch unterschiedliche Diagnosen abbilden, teilweise gleiche Symptome, v. a. Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen aufweisen. Methodik: Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über genetische, morphologische, neurophysiologische und neuropsychologische Gemeinsamkeiten bei ADHS und autistischen Störungen. Außerdem werden Befunde zur medikamentösen Behandlung der Störungsbilder und deren Verlauf im Erwachsenenalter beschrieben. Ergebnisse: Hinsichtlich genetischer Ursachen werden gemeinsame Kandidatenregionen diskutiert. Morphologisch ergeben sich klare Hinweise auf gleiche, aber nicht gleichermaßen betroffene Hirnregionen bzw. funktionale Systeme. Neuropsychologisch lässt sich dies nicht abbilden. Bisher ergeben sich kontroverse Ergebnisse an gemeinsamen Stichproben. Schlussfolgerung: Bislang liegen nur wenige Studien zu Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen bei Autismus und ADHS an gemeinsamen Stichproben vor. Im Hinblick auf Diagnostik und Therapie sind Untersuchungen zur Ätiologie der Aufmerksamkeitsstörung von ADHS und Autismus notwendig.

Abstract

Introduction: Genetic, neuropsychological and psychopathological findings refer to a connection of autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although the disorders represent different nosological diagnoses they partly include similar symptoms like hyperactivity, impulsivity and attention deficit disorder. Methods: This paper gives an overview of genetic, morphological, neurophysiological and -psychological studies concerning ADHD and autism. In addition, results concerning pharmacotherapy and the development of both disorders in adulthood are described. Results: With regard to genetics, common candidate regions are discussed. Under a morphological perspective, results on the one hand point out identical brain regions or functional systems but on the other hand underline that these regions are not equally affected. The morphological results could not be replicated on a neuropsychological basis. So far findings of studies which involved combined ADHD- and autistic samples lead to controversal results. Conclusion: At present, there exist only few studies which include the issue of attention disorders in autism and ADHD in a same sample. With regard to diagnosis and therapeutical interventions, further research concerning the etiology of both disorders is necessary.

Literatur

  • 1 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie u.a .Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie von psychischen Störungen im Säuglings-, Kindes- und Jugendalter. Köln: Deutscher Ärzte Verlag 2003
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 2 Gillberg C. Asperger-syndrome in 23 Swedish children.  Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1989;  31 520-531
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Jensen V K, Mack K K. Differential diagnosis between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified.  Clinical Pediatrics. 1997;  36 555-561
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Clark T, Tinline C, Vostanis P. Autistic symptoms in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.  European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999;  8 50-55
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Yoshida Y U. The clinical necessity for assessing Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) symptoms in children with high-functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD).  European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;  13 307-314
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Rimland B. Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and its implications for a Neural Theory of Behavior. New York: Appleton Century Crofts 1964
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 7 American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry .Practice Parameters For The Assessment And Treatment Of Children, Adolescents, And Adults With Autism And Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders. 1999
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 8 Barkely R A. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press 1998
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 9 Fisher S E, Francks C, McCracken J T, McCough J J, Marlow A J, MacPhie I L, Newbury D F, Crawford L R, Palmer C G, Woodward J A, Del'Homme M, Cantwell D P, Nelson S F, Monaco A P, Smalley S L. A genomwide scan for loci involved in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  American Journal for Human Genetics. 2002;  70 1183-1196
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Spence S J. The genetics of autism.  Seminares of Pediatric Neurology. 2004;  11 196-204
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Smalley S L, Kustanovich V, Minassian S L, Stone J L, Ogdie M N, McCough J J, McCracken J T, MacPhie I L, Francks C, Fisher S E, Cantor R M, Monaco A P, Nelson S F. Genetic linkage of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on chromosome 16p13, in a region implicated in autism.  American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002;  71 959-963
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Ogdie M N, Macphie I L, Minassian S L, Yang M, Fisher S E, Francks C, Cantor R M, McCracken J T, McGough J J, Nelson S F, Monaco A P, Smalley S L. A genomwide scan for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in an extended sample: suggestive linkage on 17p11.  American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003;  72 1268-1279
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Heiser P, Friedel S, Dempfle A, Konrad K, Smidt J, Grabarkiewicz J, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Molecular genetic aspects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Neuroscience Biobehavior Review. 2004;  28 625-641
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 McCauley J L, Li C, Jiang L, Olson L M, Crockett G, Gainer K, Folstein S E, Haines J L, Sutcliffe J S. Genome-wide and Ordered-Subset linkage analyses provide support for autism loci on 17q and 19p with evidence of phenotypic and interlocus genetic correlates. BMC Medical Genetics 2005
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 15 Bakker S C, Meulen E M van der, Buitelaar J K, Sandkuijl L A, Pauls D L, Monsuur A J, Slot R van't, Minderaa R B, Gunning W B, Pearson P L, Sinke R J. A Whole-Genome Scan in 164 Dutch Sib Pairs with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Suggestive Evidence for Linkage on Chromosomes 7p and 15q.  American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003;  72 1251-1260
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 IMGSAC - Collaborative Linkage Study of Autism . An autosomal genomic screen for autism.  American Journal Medicine Genetics. 2001;  8 609-615
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Filipek P A, Accardo P J, Baranek G T, Cook jr E H, Dawson G, Gordon B, Gravel J S, Johnson C P, Kallen R J, Levy S E, Minshew N, Prizant B M, Rapin I, Rogers S J, Stone W L, Teplin S, Tuchmann R F, Volkmar F R. The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1999;  29 439-484
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Chugani D C. Autism. In: Ernst M, Rumsey JM. Functional neuroimaging in child psychiatry 2nd ed. Cambridge: University Press 2000: 171-188
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 19 Santosh P J. Neuroimaging in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders.  Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000;  82 412-419
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 20 Piven J, Bailey J, Ranson B J, Arndt S. An MRI-study of the corpus callosum in autism.  American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;  154 1051-1056
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Harris N S, Courchesne E, Townsend J, Caper R A, Lord C. Neuroanatomic contributions to slowed orienting of attention in children with autism.  Cognitive Brain Research. 1999;  8 61-71
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Courchesne C, Yeung-Courchesne R, Press G A, Hesselink J R, Jernigan T L. Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism.  New England Journal of Medicine. 1988;  318 1349-1354
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Hynd G W, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys A R, Novey E S, Eliopulos D, Lyytinen H. Corpus callosum morphology in ADHD: morphometric analysis of MRI.  Journal of Learning disabilities. 1991;  24 141-146
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Hynd G W, Her K L, Novey E S, Eliopulos D, Marshall R, Gonzales J J, Voeller K K. ADHD and asymetry of the caudate nucleus.  Journal of Child Neurology. 1993;  8 339-347
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Durston S, Hulshoff Pol H E, Schnack H G, Buitelaar J K, Steenhuis M P, Minderaa R B, Kahn R S, Engeland H van. Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings.  Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;  43 332-340
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Faraone S V, Biedermann J. Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.  Biological Psychiatry. 1998;  44 951-958
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Ozonoff S, Cook I, Coon H, Dawson G, Joseph R M, Klin A, McMahon W M, Minshew N, Munson J A, Pennington B F, Rogers S J, Spence M A, Tager-Flusberg H, Volkmar F R, Wrathall D. Performance on Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery subtests sensitive to frontal lobe function in people with autistic disorder: evidence from the Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism network.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2004;  34 139-150
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Hale T S, Hariri A R, McCracken J T. ADHD: Perspectives from neuroimaging.  Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review. 2000;  6 214-219
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Shaywitz B A, Fletcher J M, Pugh K R, Klormann R, Shaywitz S E. Progress in imaging attention hyperactivity disorder.  Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review. 1999;  5 185-190
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Bailey A, Philips W, Rutter M. Autism: Towards an integration of clinical, genetic, neuropsychological and neurobehavioral perspectives.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1996;  37 89-126
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Chugani D C. Autism. In: Ernst M, Rumsey JM. Functional neuroimaging in child psychiatry. 2nd ed. Cambridge: University Press 2000: 171-188
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 32 Eliez S, Reiss A. MRI Neuroimaging of childhood Psychiatric Disorders: A selective review.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2000;  41 679-694
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Minshew N J. Brief report: Brain mechanisms in autism: Functional and structural abnormalities.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1996;  26 205-209
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Tuchman R, Jayakar P, Yaylali I, Villalobos R. Seizures and EEG in children with autism spectrum disorder.  CNS spectrums. 1998;  3 61-70
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Volkmar F, Nelson S. Seizure disorders in autism.  Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1990;  29 127-129
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Rossi P G, Posar A, Parmeggiani A. Epilepsy in adolescents and young adults with autistic disorder.  Brain development. 2000;  22 102-106
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Lewine J, Andrews R, Chez M, Patil A, Devinsky O, Smith M, Kanner A, Davis J, Funke M, Jones G, Chong B, Provencal S, Weisend M, Lee R, Orrison W. Magnetencephalographic Patterns of Epileptiform Activity in children with Regressive Autism Spectrum Disorders.  Pediatrics. 1999;  104 405-418
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Philips B B, Drake M E, Hietter S A, Andrews J E, Bogner J E. Electroencephalography in childhood conduct and behaviour disorder.  Clinical electroencephalography. 1993;  24 25-30
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Brandeis D. Psychophysiologie und Hirnfunktion. In: Steinhausen HC (Hrsg.). Hyperkinetische Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 1995: 84
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 40 Ornitz E M, Hanna G, Traversay J de. Presimulation-induced startle modulation in attentino-deficit disorder and nocturnal enuresis.  Psychophysiology. 1992;  29 437-451
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Sugawara M, Sadeghpour M, Traversay J de, Ornitz E. Presimulation induced modulation of the p300 component of event related potentials accompanying startle in children.  Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1994;  26 201-223
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Klorman R. Cognitive event-related potentials in attention deficit disorder.  J Learn Disabil. 1991;  24 130-140
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Hoeksma M R, Kemner C, Verbaten M N, Engeland H van. Processing capacity in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2004;  34 341-354
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Gray J A. The neuropsychology of anxiety. New York: Oxford University Press 1982
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 45 Quay H C. The behavioral reward and inhibition system in childhood behavior disorders. In: Blomingdale LM (ed.). Attention deficit disorder: New Research in attention, treatment and psychopharmacology. Vol. 3. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1988: 176-185
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 46 Logan G D. On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A user's guide to stop signal paradigma. In: Dagenbach D, Carr TH (eds.). Inhibitory processes in attention, memory and language. San Diego/CA: Academic press 1994: 189-239
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 47 Barkley R A. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHS.  Psychological Bulletin. 1997;  121 65-94
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Sonuga-Barke E J. Disambiguating inhibitory dysfunction in childhood hyperactivity. In: Sergeant J (ed.). Eunethydis: European approaches to hyperkinetic disorder. Zürich: Fotorar 1995: 209-223
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 49 Sergeant J A. The cognitive-energetic model: an empirical approach to ADHS.  Neuroscience and Biobehavior Revue. 2000;  24 7-12
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Pennington B F, Ozonoff S. Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.  Journal of Child and Psychology Psychiatry. 1996;  37 51-87
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Földényi M, Tagwerker-Neuenschwander F, Giovanoli A, Schallberger U, Steinhausen H C. Die Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen von 6 - 10-jährigen Kindern in der TAP.  Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie. 1999;  10 87-102
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Osterlaan J, Logan G D, Sergeant J A. Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD + CD, anxious and control children: A meta-analysis of studies with the stop task.  Journal Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied disciplines. 1998;  39 411-425
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Swanson J M, Osterlaan J, Murias M. et al . Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder children with a 7-repeat-allele of the dopamine receptor D4 gene have extreme behavior but normal performance on critical neuropsychological tests of attention.  Processes of National Acadamic Science USA. 2000;  97 4754-4759
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Courchesne E, Townsend J, Akshoomoff N A. et al . Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients.  Behavioral Neuroscience. 1994;  108 848-865
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Townsend J, Courchesne E, Covington J. et al . Spatial attention deficits in patients with acquired or developmental cerebellar abnormality.  Journal of Neuroscience. 1999;  19 5632-5643
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Lovaas O I, Schreibman L, Koegel R L, Rehm R. Selective responding by autistic children to multiple sensory input.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1971;  77 211-222
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Burack J A. Selective attention deficits in persons with autism: preliminary evidence of an ineffecient attentional lens.  Journal of abnormal Psychology. 1994;  103 535-543
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Minshew N J, Goldstein G, Siegel D J. Neuropsychologic functioning in autism: Profile of a complex information processing disorder.  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 1997;  3 303-316
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Swettenham J, Baron-Cohen S, Charman T. et al . The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and non-social stimuli in autistic, typically developementally delayed infants.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 1998;  39 747-753
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Burack J A, Enns J T, Stauder J E, Mottron L, Randolph B. Attention and autism: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. In: Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder 2nd ed. New York: Wiley & Sons 1997: 226-242
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 61 Zimmermann P, Fimm B. Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP). Version 1.02. Handbuch Teil 1. Freiburg: Psytest 1993
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 62 Noterdaeme M, Amorosa H, Mildenberger K, Sitter S, Minow F. Evaluation of attention problems in children with autism and children with a specific language disorder.  European Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;  10 58-66
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Rinehart N J, Bradschaw J I, Moss S A, Bereton A V, Tonge B J. A deficit in shifting attention present in high functioning autism but not in Asperger's disorder.  Autism. 2001;  5 67-80
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Wainwright-Sharp J A, Bryson S E. Visual orienting deficits in high-functioning people with autism.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1993;  23 1-13
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Ozonoff S, Jensen J. Brief report: Specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1999;  29 171-177
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Nyden A, Gillberg C, Hjelmquist E, Heiman M. Executive function/attention deficits in boys with Asperger syndrome, attention disorder and reading/writing disorder.  Autism. 1999;  3 213-228
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Geurts H, Verte S, Oosterlaan J, Roeyers H, Sergeant J. How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism?.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2004;  45 836-854
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Harding M, O'Donnell D, Griffin S. Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle.  Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996;  35 409-432
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Jadad A R, Booker L, Gauld M, Kakuma R, Boyle M, Cunningham C E. et al . The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: An annotated bibliography and critical appraisal of published systematic reviews and metaanalyses.  Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;  44 1025-1035
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A. Medikamentöse Behandlung der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätsstörung im Kindesalter unter Berücksichtigung komorbider Aspekte.  Sprache - Stimme - Gehör. 2000;  24 99-105
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 MTA Cooperative Group . A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999;  56 1073-1086
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 MTA Cooperative Group . Moderators and Mediators of treatment response for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999;  56 1088-1096
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Campbell M, Fish B, David R, Shapiro T, Collins P, Koh C. Response to triiodothyronine and dextroamphetamine: A study of preschool schizophrenic children.  Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia. 1972;  2 343-358
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Campbell M, Small A M, Collins P T, Friedmann E, David R, Genieser N. Levodopa and levoamphetamine: A crossover study of young schizophrenic children.  Current Therapeutic Research. 1976;  19 70-86
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Aman M G. Stimulant drug effects in developmental disorders and hyperactivity: Toward a resolution of disparate findings.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1982;  12 385-398
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Lord C, Rutter M. Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. In: Rutter M, Taylor E, Hersov L (eds.). Child and adolescent psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell 1994: 569-593
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 77 Sloman L M. The use of medication in pervasive developmental disorders.  Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1991;  14 165-182
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Geller B, Gutmacher L B, Bleeg M. Coexistence of childhood onset, pervasive developmental disorder and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity.  American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981;  138 388-389
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Strayhorn J M, Rapp N, Donina W, Strain P S. Randomized trial of methylphenidate for an autistic child.  Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1988;  27 244-247
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Birmaher B, Quintana H, Greenhill L L. Methylphenidate treatment of hyperactive autistic children.  Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent. 1988;  27 248-251
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Handen B L, Johnson C R, Lubetsky M. Efficacy of methylphenidate among children with autism and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000;  30 245-255
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Di Martino A, Melis G, Cianchetti C, Zuddas A. Methylphenidate for Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Safety and Efficacy of Acute Single Dose Test and Ongoing Therapy: An Open-Pilot Study.  Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2004;  14 207-218
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Wender P H. Attention deficit disorder in adults. New York: Oxford University Press 1995
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 84 Weiss G, Hechtmann L T. Hyperactive children grown up: ADHD in children, adolescents and adults, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford 1993
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 85 Adam C, Döpfner M, Lehmkuhl G. Der Verlauf von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (ADHS) im Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter.  Kindheit und Entwicklung. 2002;  11 73-81
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Lehmkuhl G, Adam C, Döpfner M. Impulskontrollgestörte Kinder und ihre weitere Entwicklung. In: Klosterkötter J (Hrsg.). Frühdiagnostik und Frühbehandlung psychischer Störungen. Berlin: Springer 1998: 97-121
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 87 Kobayashi R, Murata T, Yoshinaga K. A follow-up study of 201 children with autism in Kyushu and Yamaguchi area, Japan.  Journal of autism and Developmental disorders. 1992;  30 163-167
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Gillberg C, Steefenburg S. Outcome and prognostic factors in infantile autism and social conditions: a population-based study of 46 cases followed through puberty.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1987;  17 273-287
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Rutter M. Autistic children: infancy to adulthood.  Seminars in psychiatry. 1970;  2 643-650
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Howlin P, Goode S. Outcome in adult life for people with autism and Asperger's syndrome. In: Volkmar F (ed.). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998: 209-241
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 91 Bradshaw J L, Sheppard D M. The neurodevelopmental frontostriatal disorders: Evolutionary adaptiveness and anomalous lateralization.  Brain and Language. 2000;  73 297-320
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Geurts H, Verte S, Oosterlaan J, Roeyers H, Hartmann C, Mulder E, Berckelaer-Onnes I, Sergeant J. Can the children's Communication Checklist differentiate between children with autism, children with ADHD and normol controls?.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2004;  45 1437-1453
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Roeyers H, Keymeulen H, Buysse A. Differentiating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified.  Journal of Learning Disabilities. 1998;  31 565-571
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Holtmann M, Bölte S, Poustka F. Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen bei Störungen des autistischen Spektrums und ihr Effekt auf die soziale Interaktion, Kommunikation und stereotypes Verhalten. XXIX. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, 16. - 19. 3. 2005. Heidelberg
  • 95 Stahlberg O, Soderstrom H, Rastam M, Gillberg C. Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in adults with childhood onset AD/HD and/or autism spectrum disorders.  Journal of Neural Transmission. 2003;  111 891-902
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone S V, Patten S van, Burback M, Wozniak J A. A prospective follow-up study of pediatric bipolar disorder in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004;  82 Supplement 17-23
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar

Dr. med. Judith K. Sinzig

Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters am Klinikum der Universität Köln

Robert Koch-Str. 10

50931 Köln

Email: ju.k.sinzig@web.de