Zusammenfassung
Defizite im Arbeitsgedächtnis (AG) gelten als wesentliches neuropsychologisches Merkmal von Kognitionsstörungen in der Schizophrenie. Als psychologisches Modell bietet das AG einen theoretischen und empirischen Rahmen zur Erforschung von Wahrnehmungs- und Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen sowie von Störungen höherer kognitiver Prozesse bei Patienten mit einer Schizophrenie. Auf theoretischer Ebene lassen sich psychopathologische Phänomene in einen AG-Kontext integrieren und experimentell überprüfen. Nicht zuletzt wegen seiner Verbindung zur Funktion des lateralen präfrontalen Kortex ist das AG ein Schwerpunkt der neurokognitiven Forschung zur Schizophrenie. Das vermehrte Aufkommen bildgebender Verfahren, etwa der funktionellen Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT), hat zusätzlich dazu beigetragen, neurobiologische AG-Modelle zu generieren. Dabei kommt dem präfrontalen Kortex eine besondere Bedeutung als spezifisches neuroanatomisches Korrelat von AG-Dysfunktionen in der Schizophrenie zu. In dieser Übersicht sollen nebst einem kurzen theoretischen Überblick über das AG-Konzept und dessen Bedeutung in der kognitiven Psychologie aktuelle Evidenz zur AG-Dysfunktion in der Schizophrenie sowie Ergebnisse funktionell bildgebender Arbeiten dargestellt werden.
Abstract
Working memory (WM) deficits are core symptoms of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. The psychological concept of WM offers a theoretical and empirical framework for the investigation of perceptual and attentional dysfunction as well as of deficits of higher cognitive functions in schizophrenia. From a theoretical perspective, schizophrenic psychopathology and cognitive dysfunction can be both integrated and experimentally validated within the concept of WM-impairment. In the last years investigation of WM has been a major issue in neuropsychiatric research, not least because of the association of prefrontal cortex and WM-function. The advent of functional imaging techniques, e. g. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) has additionally contributed in generating neurobiological WM-models. Regarding the neuronal basis of WM-deficits in schizophrenia, prefrontal cortex dysfunction has been of major interest. This review provides a short overview on the concept of WM and its relevance for cognitive psychology, discussing both recent behavioral and functional neuroimaging evidence on WM-dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Literatur
-
1 Baddeley A D, Hitch G. Working memory. New York: Academic Press 1974
-
2
Baddeley A.
The fractionation of working memory.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1996;
93
13 468-13 472
-
3
Goldman-Rakic P S.
Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.
1994;
6
348-357
-
4
Courtney S M, Petit L, Haxby J V, Ungerleider L G.
The role of prefrontal cortex in working memory: examining the contents of consciousness.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.
1998;
353
1819-1828
-
5
Baars B J, Franklin S.
How conscious experience and working memory interact.
Trends Cogn Sci.
2003;
7
166-172
-
6 Miyake A, Shah N J. Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press 1999
-
7
Nairne J S.
A feature model of immediate memory.
Mem Cognit.
1990;
18
251-269
-
8 Cowan N. Models of working memory. New York: Cambridge University Press 1999
-
9 Miller G A, Galanter E, Pribram K H. Plans and structure of behavior. New York: Rinehart and Winston 1960
-
10
Baddeley A.
Working memory: looking back and looking forward.
Nat Rev Neurosci.
2003;
4
829-839
-
11 Norman D, Shallice T. Attention to action: willed and automatic control of behavior. In: Davidson R, Schwartz G, Shapiro D (Hrsg). Consciousness and self-regulation: advances in research and theory, vol 4. New York: Plenum 1986: 1-18
-
12
Conrad R, Hull A J.
Information, Acoustic Confusion and Memory Span.
Br J Psychol.
1964;
55
429-432
-
13
Baddeley A D, Thomson N, Buchanan M.
Word length and the structure of short-term memory.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior.
1975;
14
575-589
-
14 Logie R H. Visuospatial working memory. Hove: Erlbaum 1995
-
15 Baddeley A. Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1986
-
16 Green M F. Schizophrenia from a neurocognitive perspective: Probing the impenetrable darkness. Boston: Ally and Bacon 1998
-
17
Braff D L, Heaton R, Kuck J, Cullum M, Moranville J, Grant I, Zisook S.
The generalized pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test results.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1991;
48
891-898
-
18
Franke P, Maier W, Hain C, Klingler T.
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: an indicator of vulnerability to schizophrenia?.
Schizophr Res.
1992;
6
243-249
-
19
Pantelis C, Barnes T R, Nelson H E, Tanner S, Weatherley L, Owen A M, Robbins T W.
Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Brain.
1997;
120 (Pt 10)
1823-1843
-
20
Parellada E, Catarineu S, Catafau A, Bernardo M, Lomena F.
Psychopathology and wisconsin card sorting test performance in young unmedicated schizophrenic patients.
Psychopathology.
2000;
33
14-18
-
21 Palmer B W, Heaton R K. Executive dysfunction in schizophrenia. In: Sharma T, Harvey P (Hrsg). Cognition in schizophrenia: impairments, importance and treatment strategies. New York: Oxford University Press 2000: 50-72
-
22
Weinberger D R, Egan M F, Bertolino A, Callicott J H, Mattay V S, Lipska B K, Berman K F, Goldberg T E.
Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia.
Biol Psychiatry.
2001;
50
825-844
-
23
Perry W, Heaton R K, Potterat E, Roebuck T, Minassian A, Braff D L.
Working memory in schizophrenia: transient “online” storage versus executive functioning.
Schizophr Bull.
2001;
27
157-176
-
24
Pukrop R, Matuschek E, Ruhrmann S, Brockhaus-Dumke A, Tendolkar I, Bertsch A, Klosterkötter J.
Dimensions of working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
2003;
62
259-268
-
25
Nestor P G, Shenton M E, Wible C, Hokama H, O'Donnell B F, Law S, McCarley R W.
A neuropsychological analysis of schizophrenic thought disorder.
Schizophr Res.
1998;
29
217-225
-
26
Schooler C, Neumann E, Caplan L J, Roberts B R.
A time course analysis of Stroop interference and facilitation: comparing normal individuals and individuals with schizophrenia.
J Exp Psychol Gen.
1997;
126
19-36
-
27
Bertolino A, Breier A, Callicott J H, Adler C, Mattay V S, Shapiro M, Frank J A, Pickar D, Weinberger D R.
The relationship between dorsolateral prefrontal neuronal N-acetylas-partate and evoked release of striatal dopamine in schizophrenia.
Neuropsychopharmacology.
2000;
22
125-132
-
28
Brown J.
Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory.
Quart Journal of Experimental Psychology.
1958;
10
12-21
-
29
Gold J M, Carpenter C, Randolph C, Goldberg T E, Weinberger D R.
Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1997;
54
159-165
-
30
Sullivan E V, Shear P K, Zipursky R B, Sagar H J, Pfefferbaum A.
Patterns of content, contextual, and working memory impairments in schizophrenia and nonamnesic alcoholism.
Neuropsychology.
1997;
11
195-206
-
31
Daneman M, Carpenter P A.
Individual differences in working memory and reading.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior.
1980;
19
450-466
-
32
Sternberg S.
High-speed scanning in human memory.
Science.
1966;
153
652-654
-
33
Jensen O, Lisman J E.
An oscillatory short-term memory buffer model can account for data on the Sternberg task.
J Neurosci.
1998;
18
10 688-10 699
-
34
Callicott J H, Bertolino A, Mattay V S, Langheim F J, Duyn J, Coppola R, Goldberg T E, Weinberger D R.
Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited.
Cereb Cortex.
2000;
10
1078-1092
-
35
Callicott J H, Egan M F, Mattay V S, Bertolino A, Bone A D, Verchinksi B, Weinberger D R.
Abnormal fMRI response of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitively intact siblings of patients with schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry.
2003;
160
709-719
-
36
Callicott J H, Mattay V S, Verchinski B A, Marenco S, Egan M F, Weinberger D R.
Complexity of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: more than up or down.
Am J Psychiatry.
2003;
160
2209-2215
-
37
Honey G D, Bullmore E T, Sharma T.
De-coupling of cognitive performance and cerebral functional response during working memory in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
2002;
53
45-56
-
38
Honey G D, Bullmore E T, Soni W, Varatheesan M, Williams S C, Sharma T.
Differences in frontal cortical activation by a working memory task after substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1999;
96
13 432-13 437
-
39
Honey G D, Sharma T, Suckling J, Giampietro V, Soni W, Williams S C, Bullmore E T.
The functional neuroanatomy of schizophrenic subsyndromes.
Psychol Med.
2003;
33
1007-1018
-
40
Perlstein W M, Carter C S, Noll D C, Cohen J D.
Relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry.
2001;
158
1105-1113
-
41
Walter H, Wunderlich A P, Blankenhorn M, Schafer S, Tomczak R, Spitzer M, Gron G.
No hypofrontality, but absence of prefrontal lateralization comparing verbal and spatial working memory in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
2003;
61
175-184
-
42
Della Sala S, Gray C, Baddeley A, Allamano N, Wilson L.
Pattern span: a tool for unwelding visuo-spatial memory.
Neuropsychologia.
1999;
37
1189-1199
-
43
Goldman-Rakic P S.
The physiological approach: functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia.
Biol Psychiatry.
1999;
46
650-661
-
44 Goldman-Rakic P S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In: Plum F, Mountcastle U (Hrsg). Handbook of physiology, vol 5. Washington: American Physiological Society 1987: 373-417
-
45
Funahashi S, Bruce C J, Goldman-Rakic P S.
Dorsolateral prefrontal lesions and oculomotor delayed-response performance: evidence for mnemonic “scotomas”.
J Neurosci.
1993;
13
1479-1497
-
46
Wilson F A, Scalaidhe S P, Goldman-Rakic P S.
Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex [see comments].
Science.
1993;
260
1955-1958
-
47
Baddeley A, Chincotta D, Adlam A.
Working memory and the control of action: evidence from task switching.
J Exp Psychol Gen.
2001;
130
641-657
-
48 Petrides M. Frontal lobes and working memory: evidence from investigations of the effects of cortical excisions in nonhuman primates. In: Boller F, Grafman J (Hrsg). Handbook of Neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science 1994: 59-82
-
49
Postle B R, D'Esposito M.
Evaluating models of the topographical organization of working memory function in frontal cortex with event-related FMRI.
Psychobiology.
2000;
28
132-145
-
50
Postle B R, Berger J S, D'Esposito M.
Functional neuroanatomical double dissociation of mnemonic and executive control processes contributing to working memory performance.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1999;
96
12 959-12 964
-
51
D'Esposito M, Postle B R, Ballard D, Lease J.
Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory: An event-related fMRI study.
Brain Cogn.
1999;
41
66-86
-
52
Rypma B, D'Esposito M.
The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory: effects of memory load and individual differences.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1999;
96
6558-6563
-
53
Walter H, Bretschneider V, Gron G, Zurowski B, Wunderlich A P, Tomczak R, Spitzer M.
Evidence for quantitative domain dominance for verbal and spatial working memory in frontal and parietal cortex.
Cortex.
2003;
39
897-911
-
54
Zurowski B, Gostomcyk J, Groen G, Weller R, Schirrmeister H, Neumeier B, Spitzer M, Reske S N, Walter H.
Dissociating a common working memory network from different neural substrates of phonological and spatial stimulus processing.
NeuroImage.
2002;
15
45-57
-
55
D'Esposito M, Detre J A, Alsop D C, Shin R K, Atlas S, Grossman M.
The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory.
Nature.
1995;
378
279-281
-
56
Kim J, Glahn D C, Nuechterlein K H, Cannon T D.
Maintenance and manipulation of information in schizophrenia: further evidence for impairment in the central executive component of working memory.
Schizophr Res.
2004;
68
173-187
-
57
Dickinson D, Iannone V N, Wilk C M, Gold J M.
General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Biol Psychiatry.
2004;
55
826-833
-
58
Park S, Holzman P S.
Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1992;
49
975-982
-
59
Carter C, Robertson L, Nordahl T, Chaderjian M, Kraft L, O'Shora-Celaya L.
Spatial working memory deficits and their relationship to negative symptoms in unmedicated schizophrenia patients.
Biol Psychiatry.
1996;
40
930-932
-
60
Barch D M, Carter C S, Braver T S, Sabb F W, MacDonald A 3rd, Noll D C, Cohen J D.
Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
2001;
58
280-288
-
61
Lencz T, Bilder R M, Turkel E, Goldman R S, Robinson D, Kane J M, Lieberman J A.
Impairments in perceptual competency and maintenance on a visual delayed match-to-sample test in first-episode schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
2003;
60
238-243
-
62
Okada A.
Deficits of spatial working memory in chronic schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
2002;
53
75-82
-
63
Goldberg T E, Weinberger D R.
Effects of neuroleptic medications on the cognition of patients with schizophrenia: a review of recent studies.
J Clin Psychiatry.
1996;
57 Suppl 9
62-65
-
64
Park S, Puschel J, Sauter B H, Rentsch M, Hell D.
Spatial working memory deficits and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia: a 4-month follow-up study.
Biol Psychiatry.
1999;
46
392-400
-
65
Keefe R S, Silva S G, Perkins D O, Lieberman J A.
The effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis.
Schizophr Bull.
1999;
25
201-222
-
66
Harvey P D, Green M F, McGurk S R, Meltzer H Y.
Changes in cognitive functioning with risperidone and olanzapine treatment: a large-scale, double-blind, randomized study.
Psychopharmacology (Berl).
2003;
169
404-411
-
67
Muller U, Werheid K, Hammerstein E, Jungmann S, Becker T.
Prefrontal cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical or conventional antipsychotics.
Eur Psychiatry.
2005;
20
70-73
-
68
Pantelis C, Harvey C A, Plant G, Fossey E, Maruff P, Stuart G W, Brewer W J, Nelson H E, Robbins T W, Barnes T R.
Relationship of behavioural and symptomatic syndromes in schizophrenia to spatial working memory and attentional set-shifting ability.
Psychol Med.
2004;
34
693-703
-
69
Schroder J, Tittel A, Stockert A, Karr M.
Memory deficits in subsyndromes of chronic schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
1996;
21
19-26
-
70
Mori K, Yamashita H, Nagao M, Horiguchi J, Yamawaki S.
Effects of anticholinergic drug withdrawal on memory, regional cerebral blood flow and extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenic patients.
Pharmacopsychiatry.
2002;
35
6-11
-
71
Gold J M, Goldberg R W, McNary S W, Dixon L B, Lehman A F.
Cognitive correlates of job tenure among patients with severe mental illness.
Am J Psychiatry.
2002;
159
1395-1402
-
72
Liddle P F.
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: its impact on social functioning.
Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl.
2000;
400
11-16
-
73
Conklin H M, Curtis C E, Katsanis J, Iacono W G.
Verbal working memory impairment in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: evidence from the digit span task.
Am J Psychiatry.
2000;
157
275-277
-
74
Park S, Holzman P S, Goldman-Rakic P S.
Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1995;
52
821-828
-
75
Thermenos H W, Seidman L J, Breiter H, Goldstein J M, Goodman J M, Poldrack R, Faraone S V, Tsuang M T.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging during auditory verbal working memory in nonpsychotic relatives of persons with schizophrenia: a pilot study.
Biol Psychiatry.
2004;
55
490-500
-
76
Glahn D C, Therman S, Manninen M, Huttunen M, Kaprio J, Lonnqvist J, Cannon T D.
Spatial working memory as an endophenotype for schizophrenia.
Biol Psychiatry.
2003;
53
624-626
-
77
Myles-Worsley M, Park S.
Spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients and their first degree relatives from Palau, Micronesia.
Am J Med Genet.
2002;
114
609-615
-
78
Wood S J, Pantelis C, Proffitt T, Phillips L J, Stuart G W, Buchanan J A, Mahony K, Brewer W, Smith D J, McGorry P D.
Spatial working memory ability is a marker of risk-for-psychosis.
Psychol Med.
2003;
33
1239-1247
-
79
Bertolino A, Sciota D, Brudaglio F, Altamura M, Blasi G, Bellomo A, Antonucci N, Callicott J H, Goldberg T E, Scarabino T, Weinberger D R, Nardini M.
Working memory deficits and levels of N-acetylaspartate in patients with schizophreniform disorder.
Am J Psychiatry.
2003;
160
483-489
-
80
Gooding D C, Tallent K A.
Spatial working memory performance in patients with schizoaffective psychosis versus schizophrenia: a tale of two disorders?.
Schizophr Res.
2002;
53
209-218
-
81
Levitt J J, McCarley R W, Dickey C C, Voglmaier M M, Niznikiewicz M A, Seidman L J, Hirayasu Y, Ciszewski A A, Kikinis R, Jolesz F A, Shenton M E.
MRI study of caudate nucleus volume and its cognitive correlates in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizotypal personality disorder.
Am J Psychiatry.
2002;
159
1190-1197
-
82
Park S, McTigue K.
Working memory and the syndromes of schizotypal personality.
Schizophr Res.
1997;
26
213-220
-
83
Voglmaier M M, Seidman L J, Niznikiewicz M A, Dickey C C, Shenton M E, McCarley R W.
Verbal and nonverbal neuropsychological test performance in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder.
Am J Psychiatry.
2000;
157
787-793
-
84
Siever L J, Koenigsberg H W, Harvey P, Mitropoulou V, Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Goodman M, Buchsbaum M.
Cognitive and brain function in schizotypal personality disorder.
Schizophr Res.
2002;
54
157-167
-
85
Channon S, Baker J E, Robertson M M.
Working memory in clinical depression: an experimental study.
Psychol Med.
1993;
23
87-91
-
86
Landro N I, Stiles T C, Sletvold H.
Neuropsychological function in nonpsychotic unipolar major depression.
Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol.
2001;
14
233-240
-
87
Zakzanis K K, Leach L, Kaplan E.
On the nature and pattern of neurocognitive function in major depressive disorder.
Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol.
1998;
11
111-119
-
88
Elderkin-Thompson V, Kumar A, Bilker W B, Dunkin J J, Mintz J, Moberg P J, Mesholam R I, Gur R E.
Neuropsychological deficits among patients with late-onset minor and major depression.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol.
2003;
18
529-549
-
89
Weiland-Fiedler P, Erickson K, Waldeck T, Luckenbaugh D A, Pike D, Bonne O, Charney D S, Neumeister A.
Evidence for continuing neuropsychological impairments in depression.
J Affect Disord.
2004;
82
253-258
-
90
Fossati P, Amar G, Raoux N, Ergis A M, Allilaire J F.
Executive functioning and verbal memory in young patients with unipolar depression and schizophrenia.
Psychiatry Res.
1999;
89
171-187
-
91
Karatekin C, Asarnow R F.
Working memory in childhood-onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Psychiatry Res.
1998;
80
165-176
-
92
Oie M, Sunde K, Rund B R.
Contrasts in memory functions between adolescents with schizophrenia or ADHD.
Neuropsychologia.
1999;
37
1351-1358
-
93
Moritz S, Birkner C, Kloss M, Jahn H, Hand I, Haasen C, Krausz M.
Executive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder, unipolar depression, and schizophrenia.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol.
2002;
17
477-483
-
94 Walter H, Wolf R C, Vasic N, Höse A, Spitzer M. Differential brain activation in an event related working memory task for schizophrenia as compared to depression. 2005; [submitted]
-
95
Barch D M, Sheline Y I, Csernansky J G, Snyder A Z.
Working memory and prefrontal cortex dysfunction: specificity to schizophrenia compared with major depression.
Biol Psychiatry.
2003;
53
376-384
-
96
Condray R, Steinhauer S R, Kammen D P van, Kasparek A.
Working memory capacity predicts language comprehension in schizophrenic patients.
Schizophr Res.
1996;
20
1-13
-
97
Huguelet P, Zanello A, Nicastro R.
A study of visual and auditory verbal working memory in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.
2000;
250
79-85
-
98
Wexler B E, Stevens A A, Bowers A A, Sernyak M J, Goldman-Rakic P S.
Word and tone working memory deficits in schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1998;
55
1093-1096
-
99
Bruder G E, Wexler B E, Sage M M, Gil R B, Gorman J M.
Verbal memory in schizophrenia: additional evidence of subtypes having different cognitive deficits.
Schizophr Res.
2004;
68
137-147
-
100
Keefe R S, Roitman S E, Harvey P D, Blum C S, DuPre R L, Prieto D M, Davidson M, Davis K L.
A pen-and-paper human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex activation task: spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
1995;
17
25-33
-
101
Keefe R S, Lees-Roitman S E, Dupre R L.
Performance of patients with schizophrenia on a pen and paper visuospatial working memory task with short delay.
Schizophr Res.
1997;
26
9-14
-
102
Salame P, Danion J M, Peretti S, Cuervo C.
The state of functioning of working memory in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
1998;
30
11-29
-
103
Fraser D, Park S, Clark G, Yohanna D, Houk J C.
Spatial serial order processing in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
2004;
70
203-213
-
104
Cameron A M, Oram J, Geffen G M, Kavanagh D J, McGrath J J, Geffen L B.
Working memory correlates of three symptom clusters in schizophrenia.
Psychiatry Res.
2002;
110
49-61
-
105
Leiderman E A, Strejilevich S A.
Visuospatial deficits in schizophrenia: central executive and memory subsystems impairments.
Schizophr Res.
2004;
68
217-223
-
106
Tek C, Gold J, Blaxton T, Wilk C, McMahon R P, Buchanan R W.
Visual perceptual and working memory impairments in schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
2002;
59
146-153
-
107
Park S, Puschel J, Sauter B H, Rentsch M, Hell D.
Visual object working memory function and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
2003;
59
261-268
-
108
Coleman M J, Cook S, Matthysse S, Barnard J, Lo Y, Levy D L, Rubin D B, Holzman P S.
Spatial and object working memory impairments in schizophrenia patients: a Bayesian item-response theory analysis.
J Abnorm Psychol.
2002;
111
425-435
-
109
Spindler K A, Sullivan E V, Menon V, Lim K O, Pfefferbaum A.
Deficits in multiple systems of working memory in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
1997;
27
1-10
-
110
Gooding D C, Tallent K A.
Nonverbal working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients: evidence of a supramodal executive processing deficit.
Schizophr Res.
2004;
68
189-201
-
111
Burglen F, Marczewski P, Mitchell K J, Linden M van der, Johnson M K, Danion J M, Salame P.
Impaired performance in a working memory binding task in patients with schizophrenia.
Psychiatry Res.
2004;
125
247-255
-
112
Goldberg T E, Saint-Cyr J A, Weinberger D R.
Assessment of procedural learning and problem solving in schizophrenic patients by Tower of Hanoi type tasks.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.
1990;
2
165-173
-
113
Goldberg T E, Weinberger D R, Berman K F, Pliskin N H, Podd M H.
Further evidence for dementia of the prefrontal type in schizophrenia? A controlled study of teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1987;
44
1008-1014
-
114
Bertolino A, Esposito G, Callicott J H, Mattay V S, Van Horn J D, Frank J A, Berman K F, Weinberger D R.
Specific relationship between prefrontal neuronal N-acetylaspartate and activation of the working memory cortical network in schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry.
2000;
157
26-33
-
115
McGurk S R, Coleman T, Harvey P D, Reichenberg A, White L, Friedman J, Parrella M, Davis K L.
Working memory performance in poor outcome schizophrenia: relationship to age and executive functioning.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol.
2004;
26
153-160
-
116
Hartman M, Steketee M C, Silva S, Lanning K, McCann H.
Working memory and schizophrenia: evidence for slowed encoding.
Schizophr Res.
2003;
59
99-113
-
117
Silver H, Feldman P, Bilker W, Gur R C.
Working memory deficits as a core neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia.
American Journal of Psychiatry.
2003;
160
1809-1816
-
118
Manoach D S.
Prefrontal cortex dysfunction during working memory performance in schizophrenia: reconciling discrepant findings.
Schizophr Res.
2003;
60
285-298
-
119
Condray R, Steinhauer S R, Goldstein G.
Language comprehension in schizophrenics and their brothers.
Biol Psychiatry.
1992;
32
790-802
-
120
Bagner D M, Melinder M R, Barch D M.
Language comprehension and working memory deficits in patients with schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
2003;
60
299-309
-
121
Condray R, Kammen D P van, Steinhauer S R, Kasparek A, Yao J K.
Language comprehension in schizophrenia: trait or state indicator?.
Biol Psychiatry.
1995;
38
287-296
-
122
Spitzer M.
The psychopathology, neuropsychology, and neurobiology of associative and working memory in schizophrenia.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.
1993;
243
57-70
-
123
Docherty N M, Hawkins K A, Hoffman R E, Quinlan D M, Rakfeldt J, Sledge W H.
Working memory, attention, and communication disturbances in schizophrenia.
J Abnorm Psychol.
1996;
105
212-219
-
124
Cohen J D, Barch D M, Carter C, Servan-Schreiber D.
Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks.
J Abnorm Psychol.
1999;
108
120-133
-
125
Daban C, Amado I, Bayle F, Gut A, Willard D, Bourdel M C, Loo H, Olie J P, Millet B, Krebs M O, Poirier M F.
Disorganization syndrome is correlated to working memory deficits in unmedicated schizophrenic patients with recent onset schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res.
2003;
61
323-324
-
126
Guillem F, Bicu M, Bloom D, Wolf M A, Desautels R, Lalinec M, Kraus D, Debruille J B.
Neuropsychological impairments in the syndromes of schizophrenia: a comparison between different dimensional models.
Brain Cogn.
2001;
46
153-159
-
127
Andreasen N C.
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1982;
39
784-788
-
128
Green M F.
What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?.
Am J Psychiatry.
1996;
153
321-330
-
129
Park S, Puschel J, Sauter B H, Rentsch M, Hell D.
Spatial selective attention and inhibition in schizophrenia patients during acute psychosis and at 4-month follow-up.
Biol Psychiatry.
2002;
51
498-506
-
130
Pantelis C, Stuart G W, Nelson H E, Robbins T W, Barnes T R.
Spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia: relationship with tardive dyskinesia and negative symptoms.
Am J Psychiatry.
2001;
158
1276-1285
-
131
Rund B R, Melle I, Friis S, Larsen T K, Midboe L J, Opjordsmoen S, Simonsen E, Vaglum P, McGlashan T.
Neurocognitive dysfunction in first-episode psychosis: correlates with symptoms, premorbid adjustment, and duration of untreated psychosis.
Am J Psychiatry.
2004;
161
466-472
-
132
Weinberger D R.
Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1987;
44
660-669
-
133 Andreasen N C, Roy M A, Flaum M. Positive and negative symptoms. Oxford: Blackwell Science 1995
-
134
Bertolino A, Caforio G, Blasi G, De Candia M, Latorre V, Petruzzella V, Altamura M, Nappi G, Papa S, Callicott J H, Mattay V S, Bellomo A, Scarabino T, Weinberger D R, Nardini M.
Interaction of COMT (Val(108/158)Met) genotype and olanzapine treatment on prefrontal cortical function in patients with schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry.
2004;
161
1798-1805
-
135
Frith C D, Done D J.
Experiences of alien control in schizophrenia reflect a disorder in the central monitoring of action.
Psychol Med.
1989;
19
359-363
-
136 Keefe R S. The neurobiology of disturbances of the self: autonoetic agnosia in schizophrenia. In: Insight and psychosis. Edited by Amador XF, David A. New York: Oxford University Press 1998: S. 142-173
-
137
Goldberg T E, Gold J M, Greenberg R, Griffin S, Schulz S C, Pickar D, Kleinman J E, Weinberger D R.
Contrasts between patients with affective disorders and patients with schizophrenia on a neuropsychological test battery.
Am J Psychiatry.
1993;
150
1355-1362
-
138
Strauss M E.
Relations of symptoms to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Bull.
1993;
19
215-231
-
139
Gold J M, Harvey P.
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Psychiatr Clin North Am.
1993;
16
295-312
-
140
Shakow D.
Psychological deficit in schizophrenia.
Behav Sci.
1963;
8
275-305
-
141
Gur R C, Gur R E.
Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: RIP.
Lancet.
1995;
345
1383-1384
-
142
Milner B.
Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting.
Archives of Neurology.
1963;
9
90
-
143
Stuss D T, Levine B.
Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from studies of the frontal lobes.
Annu Rev Psychol.
2002;
53
401-433
-
144
Miller E K, Cohen J D.
An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function.
Annu Rev Neurosci.
2001;
24
167-202
-
145
Ingvar D H, Franzen G.
Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.
1974;
50
425-464
-
146
Weinberger D R, Berman K F.
Prefrontal function in schizophrenia: confounds and controversies.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.
1996;
351
1495-1503
-
147
Ogawa S, Lee T M, Kay A R, Tank D W.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
1990;
87
9868-9872
-
148
Walter H, Riepe M, Grön G.
Funktionelle Bildgebung als klinisches Instrument in der Psychiatrie.
Nervenheilkunde.
1999;
18
322-331
-
149 Walter H. Funktionelle Bildgebung in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Methodische Grundlagen und klinische Anwendungen. Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlag 2004
-
150
Weinberger D R, Berman K F, Zec R F.
Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1986;
43
114-124
-
151
Andreasen N C, Rezai K, Alliger R, Swazey Y W, Flaum M, Kirschern P, Cohen G, O'Leary D S.
Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophreania.
Archives of General Psychiatry.
1992;
49
943-958
-
152
Carter C S, Perlstein W, Ganguli R, Brar J, Mintun M, Cohen J D.
Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry.
1998;
155
1285-1287
-
153
Meyer-Lindenberg A, Poline J B, Kohn P D, Holt J L, Egan M F, Weinberger D R, Berman K F.
Evidence for abnormal cortical functional connectivity during working memory in schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry.
2001;
158
1809-1817
-
154
Sabri O, Owega A, Schreckenberger M, Sturz L, Fimm B, Kunert P, Meyer P T, Sander D, Klingelhofer J.
A truly simultaneous combination of functional transcranial Doppler sonography and H(2)(15)O PET adds fundamental new information on differences in cognitive activation between schizophrenics and healthy control subjects.
J Nucl Med.
2003;
44
671-681
-
155
Kim J J, Kwon J S, Park H J, Youn T, Kang do H, Kim M S, Lee D S, Lee M C.
Functional disconnection between the prefrontal and parietal cortices during working memory processing in schizophrenia: a[15(O)]H2O PET study.
Am J Psychiatry.
2003;
160
919-923
-
156
Artiges E, Salame P, Recasens C, Poline J B, Attar-Levy D, De La Raillere A, Paillere-Martinot M L, Danion J M, Martinot J L.
Working memory control in patients with schizophrenia: a PET study during a random number generation task.
Am J Psychiatry.
2000;
157
1517-1519
-
157
Haznedar M M, Buchsbaum M S, Hazlett E A, Shihabuddin L, New A, Siever L J.
Cingulate gyrus volume and metabolism in the schizophrenia spectrum.
Schizophr Res.
2004;
71
249-262
-
158
Kubicki M, Westin C F, Nestor P G, Wible C G, Frumin M, Maier S E, Kikinis R, Jolesz F A, McCarley R W, Shenton M E.
Cingulate fasciculus integrity disruption in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study.
Biol Psychiatry.
2003;
54
1171-1180
-
159
Carlsson A, Lindqvist M.
Effect of Chlorpromazine or Haloperidol on Formation of 3methoxytyramine and Normetanephrine in Mouse Brain.
Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh).
1963;
20
140-144
-
160 Abi-Dargham A. Evidence from brain imaging studies for dopaminergic alterations in schizophrenia. London: Martin Dunitz 2003
-
161
Abi-Dargham A.
Do we still believe in the dopamine hypothesis? New data bring new evidence.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol.
2004;
7 Suppl 1
S1-5
-
162 Weinberger D R. Dopamine, the prefrontal cortex, and a genetic mechanism for schizophrenia, in Dopamine in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Edited by Kapur S, Lecrubier Y. London: Martin Dunitz 2003: S. 129-154
-
163
Sawaguchi T, Goldman-Rakic P S.
D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory.
Science.
1991;
251
947-950
-
164
Arnsten A F, Cai J X, Murphy B L, Goldman-Rakic P S.
Dopamine D1 receptor mechanisms in the cognitive performance of young adult and aged monkeys.
Psychopharmacology (Berl).
1994;
116
143-151
-
165
Hall H, Sedvall G, Magnusson O, Kopp J, Halldin C, Farde L.
Distribution of D1- and D2-dopamine receptors, and dopamine and its metabolites in the human brain.
Neuropsychopharmacology.
1994;
11
245-256
-
166
Gjedde A, Wong D F.
Quantification of neuroreceptors in living human brain. v. endogenous neurotransmitter inhibition of haloperidol binding in psychosis.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.
2001;
21
982-994
-
167
Okubo Y, Suhara T, Suzuki K, Kobayashi K, Inoue O, Terasaki O, Someya Y, Sassa T, Sudo Y, Matsushima E, Iyo M, Tateno Y, Toru M.
Decreased prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET.
Nature.
1997;
385
634-636
-
168
Karlsson P, Farde L, Halldin C, Sedvall G.
PET study of D(1) dopamine receptor binding in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry.
2002;
159
761-767
-
169
Abi-Dargham A, Mawlawi O, Lombardo I, Gil R, Martinez D, Huang Y, Hwang D R, Keilp J, Kochan L, Heertum R Van, Gorman J M, Laruelle M.
Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizophrenia.
J Neurosci.
2002;
22
3708-3719
-
170 Berman K F, Weinberger D R. Functional localization in the brain in schizophrenia. In: American Psychiatric Press review of Psychiatry, vol 10. Edited by Tasman A, Goldfinger SM. Washington: American Psychiatric Association Press 1991: S. 24-59
-
171
Walter H, Wolf R C.
Von der Hypofrontalität zur dynamischen Dysfunktion. FMRT Studien bei Patienten mit Schizophrenie.
Nervenheilkunde.
2002;
21
392-399
-
172
Manoach D S, Press D Z, Thangaraj V, Searl M M, Goff D C, Halpern E, Saper C B, Warach S.
Schizophrenic subjects activate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task, as measured by fMRI.
Biol Psychiatry.
1999;
45
1128-1137
-
173
Manoach D S, Gollub R L, Benson E S, Searl M M, Goff D C, Halpern E, Saper C B, Rauch S L.
Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance.
Biol Psychiatry.
2000;
48
99-109
-
174
Stevens A A, Goldman-Rakic P S, Gore J C, Fulbright R K, Wexler B E.
Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1998;
55
1097-1103
-
175
Jansma J M, Ramsey N F, Wee N J van der, Kahn R S.
Working memory capacity in schizophrenia: a parametric fMRI study.
Schizophr Res.
2004;
68
159-171
-
176
Menon V, Anagnoson R T, Mathalon D H, Glover G H, Pfefferbaum A.
Functional neuroanatomy of auditory working memory in schizophrenia: relation to positive and negative symptoms.
Neuroimage.
2001;
13
433-446
-
177
Perlstein W M, Dixit N K, Carter C S, Noll D C, Cohen J D.
Prefrontal cortex dysfunction mediates deficits in working memory and prepotent responding in schizophrenia.
Biol Psychiatry.
2003;
53
25-38
-
178
Kindermann S S, Brown G G, Zorrilla L E, Olsen R K, Jeste D V.
Spatial working memory among middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia and volunteers using fMRI.
Schizophr Res.
2004;
68
203-216
-
179
Mendrek A, Laurens K R, Kiehl K A, Ngan E T, Stip E, Liddle P F.
Changes in distributed neural circuitry function in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.
Br J Psychiatry.
2004;
185
205-214
-
180
Hugdahl K, Rund B R, Lund A, Asbjornsen A, Egeland J, Ersland L, Landro N I, Roness A, Stordal K I, Sundet K, Thomsen T.
Brain activation measured with FMRI during a mental arithmetic task in schizophrenia and major depression.
Am J Psychiatry.
2004;
161
286-293
-
181
Wolf R C, Walter H.
A novel event-related fMRI-paradigm to investigate parametrically modulated prefrontal function.
Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging.
2005;
in press.
-
182
Walter H, Wolf R C, Vasic N, Hoese A, Brambs H-J, Spitzer M.
A rapid event related, parametric fMRI-paradigm to test prefrontal function in patients with schizophrenia.
Neuroimage.
2002;
S996
-
183
Curtis V A, Bullmore E T, Morris R G, Brammer M J, Williams S C, Simmons A, Sharma T, Murray R M, McGuire P K.
Attenuated frontal activation in schizophrenia may be task dependent.
Schizophr Res.
1999;
37
35-44
-
184
Snellenberg J X Van, Torres I J, Thornton A E.
Functional neuroimaging of working memory in schizophrenia: task performance as a moderating variable.
Schizophr Bull.
2005;
31
438
-
185
Posner M I, Petersen S E, Fox P T, Raichle M E.
Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain.
Science.
1988;
240
1627-1631
-
186
Schlosser R, Gesierich T, Kaufmann B, Vucurevic G, Hunsche S, Gawehn J, Stoeter P.
Altered effective connectivity during working memory performance in schizophrenia: a study with fMRI and structural equation modeling.
Neuroimage.
2003;
19
751-763
-
187
Schlosser R, Gesierich T, Kaufmann B, Vucurevic G, Stoeter P.
Altered effective connectivity in drug free schizophrenic patients.
Neuroreport.
2003;
14
2233-2237
-
188
Quintana J, Wong T, Ortiz-Portillo E, Kovalik E, Davidson T, Marder S R, Mazziotta J C.
Prefrontal-posterior parietal networks in schizophrenia: primary dysfunctions and secondary compensations.
Biol Psychiatry.
2003;
53
12-24
-
189
Wexler B E, Anderson M, Fulbright R K, Gore J C.
Preliminary evidence of improved verbal working memory performance and normalization of task-related frontal lobe activation in schizophrenia following cognitive exercises.
Am J Psychiatry.
2000;
157
1694-1697
-
190
Wykes T, Brammer M, Mellers J, Bray P, Reeder C, Williams C, Corner J.
Effects on the brain of a psychological treatment: cognitive remediation therapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia.
Br J Psychiatry.
2002;
181
144-152
-
191
Hempel A, Giesel F L, Garcia Caraballo N M, Amann M, Meyer H, Wustenberg T, Essig M, Schroder J.
Plasticity of cortical activation related to working memory during training.
Am J Psychiatry.
2004;
161
745-747
-
192
Egan M F, Goldberg T E, Kolachana B S, Callicott J H, Mazzanti C M, Straub R E, Goldman D, Weinberger D R.
Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2001;
98
6917-6922
-
193
Barch D M, Csernansky J G, Conturo T, Snyder A Z.
Working and long-term memory deficits in schizophrenia: is there a common prefrontal mechanism?.
J Abnorm Psychol.
2002;
111
478-494
-
194
Callicott J H, Ramsey N F, Tallent K, Bertolino A, Knable M B, Coppola R, Goldberg T, Gelderen P van, Mattay V S, Frank J A, Moonen C T, Weinberger D R.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging brain mapping in psychiatry: methodological issues illustrated in a study of working memory in schizophrenia.
Neuropsychopharmacology.
1998;
18
186-196
-
195
Jacobsen L K, D'Souza D C, Mencl W E, Pugh K R, Skudlarski P, Krystal J H.
Nicotine effects on brain function and functional connectivity in schizophrenia.
Biol Psychiatry.
2004;
55
850-858
-
196
Manoach D S, Halpern E F, Kramer T S, Chang Y, Goff D C, Rauch S L, Kennedy D N, Gollub R L.
Test-retest reliability of a functional MRI working memory paradigm in normal and schizophrenic subjects.
Am J Psychiatry.
2001;
158
955-958
-
197
Quintana J, Davidson T, Kovalik E, Marder S R, Mazziotta J C.
A compensatory mirror cortical mechanism for facial affect processing in schizophrenia.
Neuropsychopharmacology.
2001;
25
915-924
-
198
Quintana J, Wong T, Ortiz-Portillo E, Marder S R, Mazziotta J C.
Right lateral fusiform gyrus dysfunction during facial information processing in schizophrenia.
Biol Psychiatry.
2003;
53
1099-1112
-
199
Quintana J, Wong T, Ortiz-Portillo E, Marder S R, Mazziotta J C.
Anterior cingulate dysfunction during choice anticipation in schizophrenia.
Psychiatry Res.
2004;
132
117-130
Dr. Robert Christian Wolf
Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik III · Universität Ulm
Leimgrubenweg 12-14
89075 Ulm
eMail: christian.wolf@uni-ulm.de
