ABSTRACTS
The purpose of this article is to increase awareness of autism spectrum disorders
(ASDs) in the profession of audiology. Because of suspicions of hearing loss, many
children with ASDs may be seen in an audiological setting prior to a formal diagnosis
of developmental disorder. Unfortunately, many audiologists are not aware of the signs
and symptoms associated with these disorders and do not make referrals for additional
testing when needed. This article discusses some of the basics with regard to ASDs.
The disorders listed under ASDs, prevalence of ASDs, and possible etiologies are mentioned.
Several warning signs are discussed that are focused specifically on what an audiologist
may observe in his/her clinical setting. The aim of this article is to make audiologists
more aware of ASD and give them the insights to make referrals for a developmental
evaluation if they suspect a child may have a developmental delay. A case study concludes
this article to illustrate an example of an appropriate referral made by an audiologist.
KEYWORDS
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) - pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) - Checklist
for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT)
REFERENCES
- 1
Kanner L.
Autistic disturbances of affective contact.
Nervous Child.
1943;
2
217-250
- 2 Wing J K.
Diagnosis, epidemiology, aetiology. In: Wing JK Early Childhood Autism: Clinical, Educational and Social Aspects. London;
Pergamon 1996
- 3
Hayes R W, Gordon A G.
Auditory abnormalities in autistic children.
Lancet.
1977;
2
767
- 4
Gadia C A, Tuchman R, Rotta N T.
Autism and pervasive developmental disorders.
J Pediatr (Rio J).
2004;
80
83-94
- 5 American Psychiatric Association .Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
4th ed. Washington, DC; Author 1994
- 6 World Health Organization .The ICD-10 Classification for Mental and Behavioral Disorders:
Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland; World Health
Organization 1992
- 7
Willemsen-Swinkels S, Buitelaar J K.
The autistic spectrum: subgroups, boundaries, and treatment.
Psychiatr Clin North Am.
2002;
25
811-836
- 8
Van der Gaag R J, Buitelaar J, Van der Ban E.
A controlled multivariate chart review of multiple complex developmental disorders.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.
1995;
34
1096-1106
- 9 Asperger H.
Autistic psychotherapy in childhood. In: Frith U Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Cambridge, England; Cambridge University
Press 1944: 37-92
- 10
Wing L.
Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account.
Psychol Med.
1981;
11
115-130
- 11
Volkmar F R, Cohen D J.
Childhood disintegrative disorder: issues for the DSM-IV.
J Autism Dev Disord.
1989;
22
625-644
- 12
Mouridsen S E, Rich B, Isager T.
Epilepsy in disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism: a long-term validation
study.
Dev Med Child Neurol.
1999;
41
110-114
- 13
Tsai L.
Is Rett syndrome a subtype of pervasive developmental disorder?.
J Autism Dev Disord.
1992;
22
551-561
- 14 Murray-Slutsky C, Paris B A. Exploring the Spectrum of Autism and Pervasive Developmental
Disorders: Intervention Strategies. San Antonio, TX; Therapy Skill Builders 2000
- 15
Buitelaar J K, Van der Gaag R J, Klin A.
Exploring the boundaries of PDD-NOS: Analyses of data from the DSM-IV autistic disorder
trial.
J Autism Dev Disord.
1999;
29
33-43
- 16
Hyman S L, Rodier P M, Davidson P.
Pervasive developmental disorders in young children.
JAMA.
2001;
285
3141-3142
- 17
Wing L, Potter D.
The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: is the prevalence rising?.
Ment Retard Dev Disab Res Rev.
2002;
8
151-161
- 18
Fombonne E.
The epidemiology of autism: a review.
Psychol Med.
1999;
29
769-786
- 19 Bettelheim B. The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self. New
York; The Free Press 1967
- 20
Hill E L, Frith U.
Understanding autism: insights from mind and brain.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.
2003;
358
281-289
- 21
Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Christian S L, Cook E H.
Autism as a paradigmatice complex genetic disorder.
Annu Rev Genomic Hum Genet.
2004;
5
379-405
- 22
Folstein S E, Rutter M.
Infantile autism: a study of 21 twin pairs.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry.
1977;
18
297-321
- 23
Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, Bolton P, Simonoff D, Yuzda E.
Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study.
Psychol Med.
1995;
25
63-77
- 24
Folstein S E, Rosen-Sheidley B.
Genetics of autism: complex etiology for a heterogeneous disorder.
Nat Rev Genet.
2001;
2
943-955
- 25
Smalley S L, Kustanovich V, Minassian S L et al..
Genetic linkage of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on chromosome 16p13, in
a region implicated in autism.
Am J Hum Genet.
2002;
71
959-963
- 26 Bauman M L, Kemper K L.
Neuroanatomical observations of the brain in autism. In: Bauman ML, Bauman KL The Neurobiology of Autism (pp.) Baltimore, MD; The Johns
Hopkins University Press 1994: 119-145
- 27
Kemper K L, Bauman M L.
Neuropathology of infantile autism.
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol.
1998;
57
645-652
- 28
Cody H, Pelphrey K, Piven J.
Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism.
Int J Dev Neurosci.
2002;
766
1-18
- 29
DeStephano F, Thompson W W.
MMR vaccine and autism: an update of scientific evidence.
Expert Rev Vaccines.
2004;
3
19-22
- 30
Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, Andrews N, Simmons A, Stowe J.
Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression
in children with autism: population-based study.
BMJ.
2002;
324
393-396
- 31 Delcato C H. The Ultimate Stranger: The Autistic Child. Novato, CA; Arena Press
1974
- 32 Coleman M, Gillberg C. The Biology of Autistic Syndromes. New York, NY; Praeger
1985
- 33 Grandin T, Scariano M. Emergence: Labeled Autistic. Novato, CA; Arena Press 1989
- 34 Rimland B, Edelson S. Auditory Integration Training in Autism: A Pilot Study. San
Diego, CA; Autism Research Institute 1992
- 35 Vicker B A. Tracking facilitated communication and auditory desensitization training
in Indiana: hopes and outcomes. Proceedings of 1993 International Conference on Autism. Bethesda,
MD; Autism Society of America 1993: 267-269
- 36 Trevarthen C, Aitken K, Papoudi D, Robarts J. (). Children with Autism: Diagnosis
and Intervention to Meet Their Needs, 2nd ed. London, United Kingdom; Jessica Kingsley
Publishers 1998
- 37
Rosenhall U, Nordin V, Sandstrom M, Ahlsen G, Gillberg C.
Autism and hearing loss.
J Autism Dev Disord.
1999;
29
349-357
- 38
Katzenell U, Segal S.
Hyperacusis: review and clinical guidelines.
Otol Neurotol.
2001;
22
321-327
- 39
Gomot M, Giard M H, Andrien J L, Barthelemy C, Bruneau N.
Hypersensitivity to acoustic change in children with autism: electrophysiological
evidence of left frontal cortex dysfunctioning.
Psychophysiology.
2002;
39
577-584
- 40
Khalfa S, Bruneau N, Roge B et al..
Peripheral auditory asymmetry in infantile autism.
Eur J Neurosci.
2001;
13
628-632
- 41
Condon W S.
Multiple responses to sound in dysfunctional children.
J Autism Child Schizophr.
1975;
5
37-56
- 42
Novick B, Vaughan H G, Kurtzberg D, Simson R.
An electrophysiologic indication of auditory processing defects in autism.
Psychiatry Res.
1980;
3
107-114
- 43
Wetherby A M, Koegel R L, Mendel M.
Central auditory nervous system dysfunction in echolalic autistic individuals.
J Speech Hear Res.
1981;
24
420-429
- 44
Konstantareas M M, Homatidis S.
Brief report: ear infections in autistic and normal children.
J Autism Dev Disord.
1987;
17
585-593
- 45
Smith D, Miller S D, Stewart M, Walter T L, McConnell J V.
Conductive hearing loss in autistic, learning-disabled, and normal children.
J Autism Dev Disord.
1988;
18
53-65
- 46 Dunning K. Development of a Questionnaire to Assess Auditory Behaviors in Children
Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders [unpublished master's thesis]. The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH 2003
- 47
Baron-Cohen S, Gillberg C.
Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population.
Br J Psychiatry.
1996;
168
158-163
- 48
Baron-Cohen S, Gillberg C.
Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT.
Br J Psychiatry.
1992;
161
839-843
- 49
Goldson E.
Autism spectrum disorders: An overview.
Adv Pediatr.
2004;
51
63-109
Kelsey EgelhoffM.A.
Pediatric Audiologist, Columbus Children's Hospital
700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205
Email: kelsegelhoff@yahoo.com
