Zusammenfassung
Das Sentinel-Lymph-Node(SLN)-Management zählt zu den weltweit faszinierendsten Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Onkologie der letzten 15 Jahre. Als generelle Indikation gilt das pN-Staging in der N0 M0 -Situation, die vor der SLN-Diagnostik (Klinik und Bildgebung) gesichert werden muss. Ein SLN ist definiert als ein oder mehrere Lymphknoten mit der höchsten Wahrscheinlichkeit der von einem (soliden) Primärtumor ausgehenden direkten Lymphdrainage und lymphogenen metastastatischen Besiedlung. Der/die SLN(s) wird/werden mit Hilfe des „lymphatic mapping” visualisiert unter Einsatz eines Radiopharmakons, eines Vitalfarbstoffs, eines lymphogenen MR-Kontrastmittels oder einer Kombination der Tracer (ggf. multimodale Bildgebung). SLNs werden am sichersten anhand eigener afferenter Lymphgefäße identifiziert (weitere Kriterien werden beschrieben). Verfahrensanweisungen zur Sentinel-Lymphknoten-Diagnostik bei ausgewählten Primärtumoren werden vorgestellt. Schließlich werden Vorschläge zur Dokumentation und Klassifikation unterbreitet und Empfehlungen zur Qualitätssicherung ausgesprochen.
Abstract
The Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) management represents one of the most fascinating developments world-wide in oncology during the last 15 years. The N0 M0 -situation in the context of pN-staging is the general indication and must be guaranteed before SLN diagnostics. An SLN is defined as one or more lymph node(s) to which lymphatic drainage and metastases from a (solid) primary tumour are most likely to occur. The SLN is visualised by lymphatic mapping using either a radioactive tracer, a vital dye, a lymphotropic MR-contrast agent or a combination of all (if necessary multimodal imaging). SLNs are reliably identified by the visualisation of an “own” afferent lymphatic vessel (further criteria are described). Instructions for the SLN diagnostic procedure in selected primary tumours are presented. Finally, suggestions on documentation and classification and also recommendations regarding quality assurance are addressed.
Schlüsselwörter
Wächterlymphknoten - Sentinel-Lymph-Node - Definitionen - Dokumentation - Klassifikation - Qualitätssicherung
Key words
sentinel node - sentinel lymph node - definitions - documentation - classification - quality assurance
Literatur
1
Gould E A, Winship T, Philbin P H, Hvland Kerr H.
Observations on a “sentinel node” in cancer of the parotid.
Cancer.
1960;
13
77-78
2
Cabanas R M.
An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma.
Cancer.
1977;
39
456-466
3
Fee H J, Robinson D S, Sample W S, Graham L S, Holmes E C, Morton D L.
The determination of lymph shed by colloidal gold scanning in patients with malignant melanoma: a preliminary study.
Surgery.
1978;
84
626-632
4
Meyer C M, Lecklitner M L, Logic J R, Balch C E, Bessey P Q, Tauxe W N.
Technetium-99m sulfur-colloid cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy in the management of truncal melanoma.
Radiology.
1979;
131
205-209
5
Altmeyer P, Munz D L, Steinhoff W, Hör G, Holzmann H.
Szintigraphische Identifizierung der Lymphdrainage maligner Rumpfmelanome.
Akt Derm.
1981;
7
127-130
6
Munz D L, Altmeyer P, Holzmann H, Encke A, Hör G.
Der Stellenwert der Lymphoszintigraphie in der Behandlung maligner Melanome der Haut.
Dtsch Med Wschr.
1982;
107
86-91
7
Munz D L, Altmeyer P, Sessler M J, Hör G.
Axillary lymph node groups - the center in lymphatic drainage from the truncal skin in man: clinical significance for management of malignant melanoma.
Lymphology.
1982;
15
143-147
8
Munz D L, Hör G.
Utility of lymphoscintigraphy in management of cutaneous malignant melanoma [abstract].
J Nucl Med.
1982;
23 (Suppl)
97
9 Munz D L. Experimentelle und klinische Untersuchungen über die regionäre Lymphdrainage der Haut mit 99m Tc-markiertem Antimontrisulfid-Kolloid: Bedeutung für das maligne Hautmelanom. Habilitationsschrift Universität Frankfurt am Main 1983
10
Munz D L, Senekowitsch R, Sessler M J, Möllenstädt S, Kriegel H, Hör G.
Uptake mechanisms of interstitially injected 99m Tc-labelled antimony trisulphide colloid in the popliteal lymph node of rabbits.
Nuklearmedizin.
1985;
24
39-43
11
Jung H. et al .
Lymphabflussuntersuchungen mit Tc-99m-Antimontrisulfid-Kolloid und Ga-67-Zitrat bei Malignomen im Gesichtsschädel- und Mundhöhlenbereich.
Dtsch Z Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts-Chir.
1983;
7
445-450
12
Munz D L, Jung H.
Peritumoral interstitial double-nuclide double-compound lymphoscintigraphy (PIDDL) in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
J Nucl Med.
1986;
27
82-86
13 Munz D L. The Sentinel Lymph Node Concept in Oncology - Facts und Fiction. International Forum Nuclear Medicine Charité Berlin. Zuckschwerdt, München, Bern, Wien, New York 2001
14
Morton D L, Wen D R, Wong J H. et al .
Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma.
Arch Surg.
1992;
127
392-399
15
Alex J C, Krag D N.
Gamma-probe-guided localization of lymph nodes.
Surg Oncol.
1993;
2
137-144
16
Uren R F, Howman-Giles R B, Shaw H M, Thompson J F, Mc Carthy W H.
Lymphoscintigraphy in high-risk melanoma of the trunk: Predicting draining node groups, defining lymphatic channels and locating the sentinel node.
J Nucl Med.
1993;
34
1435-1440
17
Reintgen D, Cruse C W, Wells K. et al .
The orderly progression of melanoma nodal metastases.
Ann Surg.
1994;
220
759-767
18
Krag D N, Meijer S J, Weaver D L.
Minimal-access surgery for staging of malignant melanoma.
Arch Surg.
1995;
130
654-658
19
Bachter D, Balda B R, Vogt H, Büchels H.
Die „sentinel”-Lymphonodektomie mittels Szintillationsdetektor.
Hautarzt.
1996;
47
754-758
20
Borgstein P J, Meijer S, Pijpers R.
Intradermal blue dye to identify sentinel lymph node in breast cancer.
Lancet.
1997;
349
1668-1669
21
Pijpers R, Borgstein P J, Meijer S, Hoekstra O S, Hattum L H, Teule G J.
Sentinel node biopsy in melanoma patients: dynamic lymphoscintigraphy followed by intraoperative gamma probe and vital dye guidance.
World J Surg.
1997;
21
788-793
22
Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G. et al .
Sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary dissection in breast cancer: Results in a large series.
J Nat Cancer Inst.
1999;
91
368-373
23
Starz H, Balda B R, Kramer K U, Buchels H, Wang H.
A micromorphometry-based concept for routine classification of sentinel lymph node metastases and its clinical relevance for patients with melanoma.
Cancer.
2001;
91
2110-2121
24
Alazraki N P, Eshima D, Eshima L A. et al .
Lymphoscintigraphy, the sentinel node concept, and the intraoperative gamma probe in melanoma, breast cancer and other potential cancers.
Semin Nucl Med.
1997;
27
55-67
25
Berger D H, Feig B W, Podoloff D. et al .
Lymphoscintigraphy as a predictor of lymphatic drainage from cutaneous melanoma.
Ann Surg Oncol.
1997;
4
247-251
26
Borgstein P J, Pijpers R, Comans E F, Diest P J, Boom R P, Meijer S.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: guidelines and pitfalls of lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe detection.
J Am Coll Surg.
1998;
186
275-283
27
Jansen L, Nieweg O E, Kapteijn A E, Valdes Olmos R A, Muller S H, Hoefnagel C A, Kroon B B.
Reliability of lymphoscintigraphy in indicating the number of sentinel nodes in melanoma patients.
Ann Surg Oncol.
2000;
7
624-630
28
Krag D, Weaver D, Ashikaga T. et al .
The sentinel node in breast cancer - a multicenter validation study.
N Engl J Med.
1998;
339
941-946
29
Vogt H, Bachter D, Buchels H K, Wengenmair H, Dorn R, Heidenreich P.
Sentinel lymph node detection by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma probe guidance in malignant melanoma.
Nuklearmedizin.
1999;
38
95-100
30 Földi M, Kubik S. Lehrbuch der Lymphologie. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1993
31
Eshima D, Fauconnior T, Eshima L, Thornback J R.
Radiopharmaceuticals for lymphoscintigraphy: including dosimetry and radiation considerations.
Semin Nucl Med.
2000;
30
25-32
32 Goldstone K E, Jackson P C, Myers M J, Simpson A E. Report No. 63: Radiation protection in nuclear medicine and pathology. Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, York 1991; (ISBN 0-904 181-62-6)
33 Keshtgar M RS, Waddington W A, Lakhani S R, Ell P J. The sentinel node in surgical oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1999
34
Waddington W A, Keshtgar M R, Taylor I, Lakhani S R, Short M D, Ell P J.
Radiation safety of the sentinel lymph node technique in breast cancer.
Eur J Nucl Med.
2000;
27
377-391
35
Starz H, Balda B R, Bachter D, Büchels H, Vogt H.
Secondary lymph node involvement from primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma of the leg.
Cancer.
1999;
85
199-207
36 Maza S, Trefzer U, Hofmann M, Schneider S, Voit C, Krössin T, Zander A, Audring H, Sterry W, Munz D L. Impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma: results of a prospective study and review of the literature. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-005-0014-1
37
Heidenreich P, Bares R, Brenner W, Grunwald F, Kopp J, Lottes G, Munz D L, Reiners C, Risse J H, Schober O, Schumichen C, Vogt H, Wengenmair H, Werner E.
Verfahrensanweisung für die nuklearmedizinische Wächter-Lymphknoten (sentinel lymph node; SLN) - Diagnostik.
Nuklearmedizin.
2001;
40
98-101
38
Munz D L, Maza S, Ivancevic, Geworski L.
Classification of the lymphatic drainage status of a primary tumour: a proposal.
Nuklearmedizin.
2000;
39
88-91
39
Kuehn T, Bembenek A, Decker T, Munz D L, Sautter-Bihl M L, Untch M, Wallwiener D. Consensus Committee of the German Society of Senology .
A concept for the clinical implementation of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast carcinoma with special regard to quality assurance.
Cancer.
2005;
103
451-461
40
Maza S, Valencia R, Geworski L, Zander A, Drager E, Winter H, Sterry W, Munz D L.
Temporary shielding of hot spots in the drainage areas of cutaneous melanoma improves accuracy of lymphoscintigraphic sentinel lymph node diagnostics.
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.
2002;
29
1399-1402
41
Maza S, Valencia R, Geworski L, Sandrock D, Zander A, Audring H, Drager E, Winter H, Sterry W, Munz D L.
Influence of fast lymphatic drainage on metastatic spread in cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prospective feasibility study.
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.
2003;
30
538-544
42 Ivancevic V, Munz D L. Radiopharmaceuticals and dyes. In: Munz DL (ed). The Sentinel Lymph Node Concept in Oncology - Facts and Fiction. International Forum Nuclear Medicine Charité Berlin. Zuckschwerdt, München, Bern, Wien, New York 2001; 37-54
43
Wallace A M, Hoh C K, Vera D R, Darrah D D, Schulteis G.
Lymphoseek. A molecular radiopharmaceutical for sentinel node detection.
Ann Surg Oncol.
2003;
10
531-538
44
Albertini J J, Cruse C W, Rapaport D. et al .
Intraoperative radio-lympho-scintigraphy improves sentinel lymph node identification for patients with melanoma.
Ann Surg.
1996;
223
217-224
45
Kapteijn B A, Nieweg O E, Muller S H, Liem I H, Hoefnagel C A, Rutgers E J, Kroon B B.
Validation of gamma probe detection of the sentinel node in melanoma.
J Nucl Med.
1997;
38
362-366
46
Morton D L, Thompson J F, Essner R, Elashoff R, Stern S L, Nieweg O E, Roses D F, Karakouris C P, Mozzillo N, Reintgen D, Wang H J, Glass E C, Cochran A J.
Validation of the accuracy of intraoperative mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for early-stage melanoma: a multicenter trial, Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial Group.
Ann Surg.
1999;
230
453-463
47
Bongers V, Borel Rinkes I HM, Barneveld P C, Canninga van Dijk M R, Rijk P P, Vloten W A.
Towards quality assurance of the sentinel node procedure in malignant melanoma patients: a single institution evaluation and a European survey.
Eur J Nucl Med.
1999;
26
84-90
48
Dresel S, Weiss M, Heckmann M, Rossmüller B, Konz B, Tatsch K, Hahn K.
Diagnosis of sentinel lymph node in malignant melanoma: preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma probe guidance.
Nuklearmedizin.
1998;
37
177-182
49
Hermanek P, Nutter R VP, Sohin I H, Wittekind C H.
Communication UICC International Union Against Cancer: Classification of isolated tumour cells and micrometastases.
Cancer.
1999;
86
2268-2273
50 Sobin L H, Wittekind C. UICC .TNM classification of malignant tumours. 5th ed. Wiley, New York 1997
S. Maza
Klinik für Nuklearmedizin · Charité · Universitätmedizin Berlin
Schumannstr. 20/21
10117 Berlin
Email: Sofiane.Maza@charite.de