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DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923894
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Operative Behandlung von Frakturen des thorakolumbalen Überganges mit spinalem Einstand unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Methode der ventralen spinalen Clearance
Fractures of the Thoraco-Lumbar Transition with Encroachment of the Spinal Canal under Special Respect to Ventral Spinal ClearancePublication History
Publication Date:
25 April 2006 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Ziel: Umfassende Analyse und Bewertung dorsaler und kombinierter Operationsmethoden für Frakturen des thorakolumbalen Überganges mit spinalem Einstand hinsichtlich funktioneller, röntgenologischer, orthopädischer und neurologischer Parameter unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der ventralen spinalen Clearance und der Rolle postoperativer Resteinstände. Studiendesign: 105 Patienten mit Frakturen zwischen T10 und L3 und radiologischem Nachweis eines Spinalkanaleinstandes wurden in 4 Operationsgruppen analysiert: dorsale Operation (n = 10), dorsale Operation mit transpedikulärer Spongiosaplastik (n = 19), kombiniert dorso-ventrale Operation (n = 52), kombinierte Operation mit spinaler Clearance (n = 24). Datenerfassung zu Unfall und Operation erfolgte retrospektiv. Analysiert wurden Unfallmechanismus, Frakturtyp, neurologischer Status prä- und postoperativ, funktionelle Parameter, CT und Röntgenaufnahmen. Nachuntersuchung war im Mittel 3 Jahre postoperativ mit Erfassung des neurologischen Status, funktioneller Parameter und Kontroll-CT. Ergebnisse: Durchschnittsalter war 38 (14 - 74) Jahre. Häufigste Unfallursache war Sturz aus der Höhe (43,8 %). Häufigster verletzter Wirbelkörper war L1 (41,0 %) und häufigster Frakturtyp Kompressionsfraktur Typ A3 (48,6 %). 54,3 % hatten behandlungsbedürftige Begleitverletzungen, 19,0 % waren polytraumatisiert. Durchschnittliche Dauer der dorsalen Stabilisierung war 1:48 h, der ventralen Operation ohne Clearance 2:49 h und mit Clearance 4:38 h (p < 0,005). Wahrscheinlichkeit starker Blutungen war mit Clearance signifikant größer (p < 0,0001). Komplikationen waren häufiger bei kombinierten Operationen (p = 0,016). 74,3 % der Patienten wurden nachuntersucht. Hinsichtlich funktioneller Parameter (Zufriedenheit/Einschränkung Rückenbeweglichkeit/Berufs- und Freizeitaktivität/Hannover-Wirbelsäulenscore) bestanden keine Unterschiede zwischen den Operationsgruppen. 61 % der präoperativ berufstätigen Patienten blieben postoperativ in Beschäftigung. 27,6 % wiesen neurologische Ausfälle zur Aufnahme auf, bei 65,5 % verbesserte sich die Neurologie um mindestens eine Stufe auf der Frankel/McBride-Skala bis zur Entlassung. Clearance verbesserte die Neurologie um mindestens eine Stufe in 8 von 10 Fällen (80 %), dorso-ventrale Operation ohne Clearance in 10 von 17 Fällen (59 %). Die höhere Besserungsrate in der Clearance-Gruppe war statistisch nicht signifikant. Pedikelschraubenbruch war signifikant häufiger (p < 0,01) bei dorsal operierten Patienten. Bruch des ventralen USIS-Implantats erfolgte in 17,6 %. Körperwinkel und sagittaler Index betrugen präoperativ im Mittel - 14,8° und 0,66 und postoperativ - 5,8° und 0,87 (p < 0,001). Bis zur Nachuntersuchung kam es zu einem Korrekturverlust des KW auf - 8,2° und des SI auf 0,82. Am geringsten war der Verlust in der Gruppe der kombiniert operierten Patienten. Patienten mit transpedikulärer Spongiosaplastik verloren ca. 50 % des Korrekturgewinns. Noch ausgeprägter waren Veränderungen des GDW. Der mittlere spinale Einstand für alle Operationsgruppen betrug präoperativ 48 %, zur Nachuntersuchung 17 % (p < 0,001). Clearance-Patienten hatten postoperativ einen Resteinstand von ca. 5 %, alle anderen Gruppen ca. 20 % (p < 0,001). Der Spearman-Rangkorrelationskoeffizient für Einengung des Spinalkanals und dem Vorhandensein neurologischer Symptome für das Gesamtkollektiv war r = 0,56 (p = 0,01). Unterschiede in der Spinalkanalfläche zwischen postoperativen CT und CT zur Nachuntersuchung bestanden nicht. Weder sekundäre Stenosierung noch Spontanresorption konnte demonstriert werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Ein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen der Einengung des Spinalkanals und dem Vorhandensein neurologischer Symptome bestand. Trotzdem ist eine Verbesserung der neurologischen Situation auch bei Vorliegem von moderaten Resteinständen (ca. 20 %) möglich. Die Clearance führt zu keiner signifikant höheren Rückbildung neurologischer Ausfälle. Remodeling-Vorgänge, i. S. der Entwicklung von sekundären Spinalkanalstenosen oder Spontanresorption von verbliebenen Fragmenten konnten wir nach 3 Jahren nicht feststellen. Die Notwendigkeit zur vollständigen Clearance des Spinalkanals kann damit mit unserem Kenntnisstand (Nachuntersuchung nach 3 Jahren) nicht bestätigt werden. Langzeitstudien müssen die potenzielle Stenosierung im Spätverlauf untersuchen und die Rolle der Clearance abschließend klären. Kombiniert dorso-ventrale Operationen mit ventraler Spanabstützung sind am effektivsten für die Wiederherstellung des Wirbelsäulenprofils und weisen die geringste Rekyphosierungsrate auf. Ventrale Single-rod-/Single-clamp-Konstrukte sind obsolet.
Abstract
Introduction: Conservative management and operation are treatment options for fractures of the thoraco-lumbar transition with encroachment of the spinal canal. Operative treatment is usually preferred if there is neurological deficit, instability or significant encroachment of the spinal canal. Decompression can be indirect (removal of fragments by distraction and realignment of the vertebral body due to ligamentotaxis or vacuum effects) or direct. Ventral spinal decompression (clearance) is the most effective method for fragment removal, but also the most invasive. Both remodelling (with lysis of remnant bony fragments in the canal) and secondary spinal canal stenosis have been described. Aims: Main objectives of that study were to determine whether ventral spinal clearance is more effective than other methods in decompressing the spinal canal and improving neurological outcome, whether and to what extent postoperative restructuring of the spinal canal takes places (remodelling/spontaneous resorption/stenosis formation) and what method of operation is most effective in reconstructing and maintaining the spinal profile. Design: 105 patients with traumatic fractures between Th10 and L3 and radiological evidence of bony encroachment of the spinal canal were analysed in 4 treatment groups: dorsal operation only (n = 10), dorsal operation with transpedicular spongiosaplastic (n = 19), combined dorso-ventral operation (n = 52) and combined dorso-ventral operation with clearance of the canal (n = 24). Data concerning accident and operation was gathered retrospectively. Mechanism of injury, fracture type (according to AO), neurological status pre- and postoperatively (Frankel/ASIA), functional parameters, CT scans and X‐rays were analysed. Follow-up was 3 years postoperatively with re-assessment of neurological status, functional parameters and CT scanning of the affected and neighbouring vertebrae. Results: Average age was 38 (14 - 74) years. Most common mechanism was fall from a height (43.8 %). Most frequently injured vertebra was L1 (41 %) und most common fracture type was A3 (48.6 %). 54,3 % of patients had associated injuries requiring treatment, 19 % had polytrauma. Average duration of dorsal operation was 1:48 h, ventral operation without clearance 2:49 h and ventral operation with clearance 4:38 h (p < 0.005). Probability for severe bleeding at the operation site was higher with clearance (p < 0.0001). Complications occurred more often with combined dorso-ventral operations (p = 0.016). 74.3 % of patients were followed up. There were no differences between the treatment groups concerning functional parameters (content with the operation/limitation of spinal mobility/professional and leisure activities/Hannover spine score). 61 % of patients that were in employment preoperatively remained in work. 27.6 % of patients had neurological deficits after the accident. In 65.5 % neurological function recovered by 1 score on the Frankel/McBride scale until discharge from hospital. Clearance operation improved neurological function in 8 out of 10 (80 %), combined dorso-ventral operation without clearance improved neurological deficit in 10 out of 17 cases (59 %). There was no statistical significance. Failure of the dorsal implant (break of pedicle screws) occurred more often in patients operated only dorsally as opposed to combined operated patients (p < 0.01). Breaks of ventral single clamp-single rod constructs (USIS) occurred in 17,6 %. Kyphosis angle and sagittal index were preoperatively - 14.8° and 0.66 and postoperatively - 5.8° and 0.87 (p < 0.001) respectively for all patients. At follow-up, a loss of correction was noted with the kyphosis angle - 8.2° and the sagittal index 0.82. Patients with combined operations had the smallest loss of correction where as in the dorsal group patients lost 50 % of the initial correction. The average encroachment of the spinal canal for all groups was preoperatively 48 % and at follow-up 17 % (p < 0.001). Patients with clearance had a postoperative residual encroachment of ca. 5 %, all other patients ca. 20 % (p < 0.001). There was a correlation between encroachment of the canal and presence of neurological symptoms (r = 0.56; p = 0.01). No difference in spinal canal encroachment between postoperative CT scans and CT at follow-up could be detected. Neither secondary canal stenosis nor spontaneous lysis of bone fragments could be demonstrated. Conclusions: There is a significant link between canal encroachment by bony fragments and the presence of neurological symptoms. Still, improvement in neurological function in the presence of moderate encroachment (ca. 20 %) was observed. Clearance does not significantly improve neurological outcome. Remodelling, i.e. development of secondary canal stenosis or spontaneous lysis of retained fragments was not detected. The necessity for full ventral spinal decompression (clearance of the canal) can not be confirmed at that stage (3 years follow-up). Long-term studies need to address the issue of potential late development of canal stenosis before the role of clearance can be finally judged. Residual postoperative encroachment of the spinal canal of ca. 20 % seems to be acceptable. Combined dorso-ventral operation are most effective for the reconstruction and maintenance of the spinal profile.
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Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Karl Heinrich Winker
Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie
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