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DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924756
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Geburtseinleitung bei Zustand nach Sectio
Induction of Labour after Previous Caesarean SectionPublication History
Eingang Manuskript: 16.6.2006
Eingang revidiertes Manuskript: 31.8.2006
Akzeptiert: 1.9.2006
Publication Date:
22 December 2006 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Angesichts dramatisch ansteigender Sectioraten und einer zunehmenden Frequenz an Geburtseinleitungen wird die Geburtseinleitung nach vorausgegangenem Kaiserschnitt ein immer häufigeres Problem in der Geburtshilfe. Klinisch bedeutend sind die Kontraindikationen und die medizinischen und logistischen Voraussetzungen für eine Geburtseinleitung nach vorausgegangenem Kaiserschnitt. Die Erfolgsrate einer vaginalen Geburt nach Sectio liegt zwischen 60 und 85 %; prädiktive Faktoren für den Erfolg einer Geburtseinleitung sind vor allem: Vorausgegangene vaginale Geburt, Geburtsgewicht unter 4000 g, BMI < 30, spontane Wehentätigkeit und Indikationen bei der vorausgegangenen Sectio nicht Geburtsstillstand/Kopfmissverhältnis. Entscheidend für die mütterliche und neonatale Morbidität und Mortalität ist, ob die Geburtseinleitung nach Sectio erfolgreich ist oder nicht, und dann eine sekundäre Re-Sectio notwendig wird. Andererseits müssen die Langzeitfolgen wiederholter Kaiserschnitte mit dem erhöhten Risiko für perinatale Komplikationen (Placenta accreta, Placenta praevia) in Betracht gezogen werden. Korrespondierend zu der Rate an Uterusrupturen ist die perinatale Mortalität und die Rate an hypoxisch-ischämischen Enzephalopathien nach Geburtseinleitung höher als nach einer elektiven Re-Sectio. Die Rate an Uterusrupturen nach Geburtseinleitung, insbesondere nach Anwendung von Prostaglandinen, ist deutlich erhöht und liegt bei bis zu 2,5 %, ohne Geburtseinleitung unter Wehen zwischen 0,3 und 0,7 %, bei einer elektiven Re-Sectio bei ≤ 0,1 %. Inzwischen wurden verschiedene Risikofaktoren für eine Uterusruptur bei Geburtseinleitung nach Sectio identifiziert. Zur Geburtseinleitung mit Oxytocin und/oder Prostaglandin E2 versus dem Abwarten spontaner Wehen liegen in der Literatur widersprüchliche Ergebnisse vor. Um das tatsächliche Risiko der Uterusruptur bei der einen oder anderen Vorgehensweise zu evaluieren, bedarf es randomisierter Studien mit einer adäquaten Fallzahl; bisher fehlen aber diesbezügliche Empfehlungen mit hoher Evidenzstärke. In Deutschland ist die Anwendung von Prostaglandinen zur Geburtseinleitung durch die soeben publizierten Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft geregelt; entsprechend den Empfehlungen der ACOG besteht bei Geburtseinleitung mit Prostaglandinen ein erhöhtes Risiko für Uterusrupturen, daher sollte eine Geburtseinleitung mit Prostaglandinen, sofern notwendig, nur nach klar definierter, medizinischer Indikation und nach einem ausführlichen Aufklärungsgespräch durchgeführt werden. Bei entsprechender medizinischer Indikation ist der Patientin als Alternative eine elektive Re-Sectio anzubieten.
Abstract
In view of dramatically rising caesarean section rates and increasingly frequent recurrence to inducing labour, the induction of labour after cesarean section (c. s.) has become one of the most common problems in obstetrics. Before starting induction of labour obstetricans must be aware of the related contraindications and the medical and logistic conditions permitting the induction of labour after previous caesarean section. The success rates of vaginal delivery after c. s. range from 60 to 82 %; factors affecting the success of induction of labour after c. s. include previous vaginal birth, birth weight < 4000 g, BMI < 30, spontaneous labour and previous indications for c. s. not being dystocia or cephalo-pelvic disproportion. The crucial point regarding maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality is whether the induction of labour is successful or not, with lack of success requiring repeat c. s. On the other hand, the long-term reproductive consequences of repeated c. s. and the increased risk of perinatal complications (placenta accreta, praevia) should be considered. Corresponding to the rates of uterine rupture perinatal mortality and the frequency of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in newborns is higher after induced labour than after elective repeat c. s. The rate of uterine rupture after induction of labour, in particular with the use of prostaglandins, is increased by up to 2.5 %, and occurs in between 0.3 to 0.7 % in labours; after elective repeated c. s. this rate is only ≤ 0.1 %. Recently, several risk factors have been identified as being associated with an increased risk of uterine rupture. Controversial results exist regarding the risk of uterine rupture in cases of induction of labour after previous c. s. versus waiting for spontaneous labour to begin. To properly address the risk of uterine rupture after a previous c. s. using different methods of labour induction, randomised trials with an adequate sample size are necessary; however, recommendations with a strong level of evidence are lacking. In Germany, the use of prostaglandins for induction of labour is regulated by the guidelines, recently published, of the German Society (DGGG). According to the ACOG Committee Opinion induction of labour with prostaglandins is associated with an increased risk of uterine rupture; thus if indication of labour is necessary, a clear medical indication is mandatory; the potential increased risk of uterine rupture with the use of prostaglandins should be discussed with the patient and documented in the medical record; in cases of medical indication an elective repeated c. s. should be offered as an alternative.
Schlüsselwörter
Geburtseinleitung - vorausgegangener Kaiserschnitt - Erfolgsrate - prädiktive Faktoren - Uterusruptur - maternale und neonatale Morbidität und Mortalität
Key words
Trial of labour - previous caesarean section - success rate - predictive factors - uterine rupture - maternal und neonatal morbidity and mortality
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Prof. Dr. med. W. Rath
Direktor der Frauenklinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe
Pauwelsstraße 30
52074 Aachen
Email: wrath@ukaachen.de