Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die präoperative Desinfektion mit Povidon-Iod-Augentropfen mit oder ohne Antibiotika wird in der Kataraktchirurgie oft verwendet. Bei kombinierter Verwendung von 5 % Povidon-Iod und Ofloxacin liegt die Kontaminationsrate der verwendeten Parazentheselanzen und Tunnelmesser bei 26 %. Ziel der Studie war die Untersuchung der Kontaminationsrate bei alleiniger Prophylaxe mit 0,8 % Povidon-Iod. Patienten und Methoden: Bei 126 konsekutiven Patienten mit elektiver Kataraktoperation mit Bindehauteröffnung und sklerokornealem Tunnel wurde eine präoperative Desinfektion der Binde- und Hornhaut mit Povidon-Iod-Augentropfen durchgeführt (Braunol® 1:10 verdünnt = 0,8 % Povidon-Iod, 3-mal im Abstand von je 5 min). Zur Beurteilung der im Anschluss an die Desinfektion persistierenden, oberflächlichen Keime wurden die intraoperativ verwendeten Parazentheselanzen und die Tunnelmesser nach der Schnittführung für die mikrobielle Kultur in Thioglykolat asserviert. Ausgepackte, aber nicht verwendete Messer dienten als Kontrollen. Ergebnisse: Bei nur 8 von 126 Patienten (6 %) fand sich eine positive Kultur (89 % Koagulase negative Staphylokokken). Vier der acht Kontaminationen der Messer ereigneten sich an einem Halbtag. Keines der 36 Kontrollmesser war kontaminiert. Schlussfolgerungen: Die alleinige Desinfektion mit verdünntem Povidon-Iod ist sehr effektiv, wenn sie zuverlässig durchgeführt wird. Die Kontaminationsrate liegt bei der Verwendung von 0,8 % Povidon-Iod deutlich tiefer als früher publizierte Vergleichsdaten mit 5 % Povidon-Iod in Kombination mit Ofloxacin.
Abstract
Background: Povidone-iodine alone or in combination with antibiotics is commonly used for presurgical disinfection in cataract surgery. In spite of the use of the combination Povidone-iodine and ofloxacin, the rate of ocular contamination as assessed from surgical knives was reported to be as high as 26 %. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of diluted Povidone-iodine alone for surgical disinfection. Patients and Methods: 126 consecutive patients undergoing elective cataract surgery with a conjunctival wound and a scleral tunnel received prior to surgery a disinfection with diluted Povidone-iodine eye drops (Braunol® 1:10 diluted = 0.8 % Povidone-iodine, 3 times every 5 min). To assess residual bacteria on the ocular surface after disinfection, the surgical knives for the side ports and the scleral tunnel were cultured in thioglycolate broth. Results: In 8 out of 126 (6 %) patients the culture from the surgical knives revealed a positive result (89 % coagulase negative Staphylococci). Four of these 8 cases occurred during a single list. All control cultures remained negative. Conclusion: Diluted Povidone-iodine eye drops alone are highly effective for bacterial disinfection when applied properly. The rate of contamination using 0.8 % Povidone-iodine in our series was considerably lower as compared to that of other studies.
Schlüsselwörter
Povidon-Iod - Desinfektion - Antibiotika - Kataraktchirurgie
Key words
Povidone-iodine - disinfection - antibiotics - cataract surgery
Literatur
1
Apt L, Isenberg S.
Chemical preparation of skin and eye in ophthalmic surgery: an international survey.
Ophthalmic Surg.
1982;
13 (12)
1026-1029
2
Apt L, Isenberg S, Yoshimori R. et al .
Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery. III. Effect of povidone-iodine on the conjunctiva.
Arch Ophthalmol.
1984;
102 (5)
728-729
3
Ariyasu R G, Nakamura T, Trousdale M D. et al .
Intraoperative bacterial contamination of the aqueous humor.
Ophthalmic Surg.
1993;
24 (6)
367-373; discussion 373 - 374
4
Bannerman T L, Rhoden D L, McAllister S K. et al .
The source of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. A comparison of eyelid and intraocular isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Arch Ophthalmol.
1997;
115 (3)
357-361
5
Beigi B, Westlake W, Mangelschots E. et al .
Peroperative microbial contamination of anterior chamber aspirates during extracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification.
Br J Ophthalmol.
1997;
81 (11)
953-955
6
Berkelman R L, Holland B W, Anderson R L.
Increased bactericidal activity of dilute preparations of povidone-iodine solutions.
J Clin Microbiol.
1982;
15 (4)
635-639
7
Boes D A, Lindquist T D, Fritsche T R. et al .
Effects of povidone-iodine chemical preparation and saline irrigation on the perilimbal flora.
Ophthalmology.
1992;
99 (10)
1569-1574
8
Caldwell D R, Kastl P R, Cook J. et al .
Povidone-iodine: its efficacy as a preoperative conjunctival and periocular preparation.
Ann Ophthalmol.
1984;
16 (6)
577, 580
9
Callegan M C, Engelbert M, Parke D W. et al .
Bacterial endophthalmitis: epidemiology, therapeutics, and bacterium-host interactions.
Clin Microbiol Rev.
2002;
15 (1)
111-124
10
Ciulla T A, Starr M B, Masket S.
Bacterial endophthalmitis prophylaxis for cataract surgery: an evidence-based update.
Ophthalmology.
2002;
109 (1)
13-24
11
De Kaspar H M, Chang R T, Shriver E M. et al .
Three-day application of topical ofloxacin reduces the contamination rate of microsurgical knives in cataract surgery: a prospective randomized study.
Ophthalmology.
2004;
111 (7)
1352-1355
12
de Kaspar H M, Kreidl K O, Singh K. et al .
Comparison of preoperative conjunctival bacterial flora in patients undergoing glaucoma or cataract surgery.
J Glaucoma.
2004;
13 (6)
507-509
13
Dickey J B, Thompson K D, Jay W M.
Anterior chamber aspirate cultures after uncomplicated cataract surgery.
Am J Ophthalmol.
1991;
112 (3)
278-282
14
Ferguson A W, Scott J A, McGavigan J. et al .
Comparison of 5 % povidone-iodine solution against 1 % povidone-iodine solution in preoperative cataract surgery antisepsis: a prospective randomised double blind study.
Br J Ophthalmol.
2003;
87 (2)
163-167
15
Feys J, Emond J P, Salvanet-Bouccara A. et al .
[Bacterial contamination: epidemiology in cataract surgery].
J Fr Ophtalmol.
2003;
26 (3)
255-258
16
Grimes S R, Hollsten D, Nauschuetz W F. et al .
Effect of povidone-iodine irrigation on the preoperative chemical preparation of the eye.
Mil Med.
1992;
157 (3)
111-113
17
Han D P, Wisniewski S R, Wilson L A. et al .
Spectrum and susceptibilities of microbiologic isolates in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study.
Am J Ophthalmol.
1996;
122 (1)
1-17
18
Isenberg S J, Apt L, Yoshimori R. et al .
Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery. IV. Comparison of povidone-iodine on the conjunctiva with a prophylactic antibiotic.
Arch Ophthalmol.
1985;
103 (9)
1340-1342
19
John T, Sims M, Hoffmann C.
Intraocular bacterial contamination during sutureless, small incision, single-port phacoemulsification.
J Cataract Refract Surg.
2000;
26 (12)
1786-1791
20
Lacey R W, Catto A.
Action of povidone-iodine against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant cultures of Staphylococcus aureus.
Postgrad Med J.
1993;
69 Suppl 3
S78-83
21
Liesegang T J.
Use of antimicrobials to prevent postoperative infection in patients with cataracts.
Curr Opin Ophthalmol.
2001;
12 (1)
68-74
22
Masket S.
Preventing, diagnosing, and treating endophthalmitis.
J Cataract Refract Surg.
1998;
24 (6)
725-726
23
McNatt J, Allen S D, Wilson L A. et al .
Anaerobic flora of the normal human conjunctival sac.
Arch Ophthalmol.
1978;
96 (8)
1448-1450
24
Mendivil S A, Mendivil M P.
The effect of topical povidone-iodine, intraocular vancomycin, or both on aqueous humor cultures at the time of cataract surgery.
Am J Ophthalmol.
2001;
131 (3)
293-300
25
Olson J C, Flynn H W Jr, Forster R K. et al .
Results in the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis.
Ophthalmology.
1983;
90 (6)
692-699
26
Ormerod L D, Paton B G, Haaf J. et al .
Anaerobic bacterial endophthalmitis.
Ophthalmology.
1987;
94 (7)
799-808
27
Schmitz S, Dick H B, Krummenauer F. et al .
Endophthalmitis in cataract surgery: results of a German survey.
Ophthalmology.
1999;
106 (10)
1869-1877
28
Speaker M G, Menikoff J A.
Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine.
Ophthalmology.
1991;
98 (12)
1769-1775
29
Speaker M G, Milch F A, Shah M K. et al .
Role of external bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of acute postoperative endophthalmitis.
Ophthalmology.
1991;
98 (5)
639-649; discussion 650
30
Taban M, Behrens A, Newcomb R L. et al .
Acute endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: a systematic review of the literature.
Arch Ophthalmol.
2005;
123 (5)
613-620
31
Zamora J L.
Chemical and microbiologic characteristics and toxicity of povidone-iodine solutions.
Am J Surg.
1986;
151 (3)
400-406
Dr. med. A. Yanar
Augenklinik Universitätsspital Zürich
Frauenklinikstrasse 24
8091 Zürich
Schweiz
Phone: ++ 41/44/2 55 49 13
Fax: ++ 41/44/2 55 44 72
Email: Ahmet.Yanar@usz.ch