Zusammenfassung
Die transanale endoskopische Mikrochirurgie (TEM) eignet sich zur lokalen Vollwandexzision von großflächigen Rektumadenomen und pT1-„low-risk”-Rektumkarzinomen. Die Wertigkeit dieser Methode zur lokalen Nachresektion nach endoskopischer R1/R2-Polypektomie von malignen Rektumpolypen wurde anhand einer prospektiven Nachsorgedokumentation überprüft. 16 Patienten mit einem makroskopisch (R2) oder mikroskopisch (R1) unvollständig durch endoskopische Polypektomie abgetragenem pT1-„low-risk”-Rektumkarzinom wurden mittels TEM nachreseziert. Bei 12 Patienten (75 %) wurde kein Residualtumor gefunden. In den übrigen vier Fällen (25 %) wurden 1 Adenom (High-grade-Atypie), 2 pT1-„low-risk”-Karzinome und eine Karzinominfiltration (pT3) ins Mesorektum diagnostiziert. Der Patient mit der mesorektalen Infiltration wurde umgehend durch eine anteriore Rektumresektion behandelt. Im Präparat befanden sich keine Tumorzellen. Das Follow-up betrug 21 Monate. 18 Monate nach TEM entwickelte sich bei einem Patienten mit pT1-„low-risk”-Karzinom ein Lokalrezidiv und eine Lebermetastase, welche komplett entfernt werden konnten. Alle Patienten sind tumorfrei. Die transanale endoskopische Mikrochirurgie ist eine geeignete Methode, um Patienten nach endoskopischer R1/R2-Polypektomie bei pT1-„low-risk”-Rektumkarzinomen weiter zu behandeln. Im Falle einer „High-risk”-Situation oder eines höheren Tumorstadiums (pT > 1) nach TEM muss eine radikale Nachresektion erfolgen.
Abstract
The transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is an adequate method for the local full-thickness excision of large rectum polyps and pT1 “low-risk” rectal carcinomas. We studied prospectively the relevance of this surgical technique concerning complete tumour excision after R1/R2-polypectomy of malignant rectal polyps. 16 patients with pT1 “low-risk” rectal carcinoma and macroscopic (R2) or microscopic (R1) incomplete endoscopic polypectomy were locally resected by TEM. In 12 patients (75 %) no residual tumour was found. In the remaining four cases (25 %), one adenoma with high-grade atypia, two pT1 “low-risk” carcinomas and one tumour infiltration in the mesorectal fat were diagnosed. The patient with the mesorectal infiltration was immediately operated on with radical resection. No further tumour cells were found in this specimen. The median follow-up was 21 months. One patient with a pT1 “low-risk” carcinoma developed a local recurrence and a single hepatic metastasis in the left liver lobe after TEM. Both were completely resected. Currently, all patients are living without evidence of tumour recurrence. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a suitable method for the treatment of pT1 “low-risk” rectal carcinomas after incomplete endoscopic polypectomy. In cases of a “high-risk” tumour or deeper tumour infiltration (pT> 1) after TEM radical resection must be carried out.
Schlüsselwörter
Transanale endoskopische Mikrochirurgie - pT1-„low-risk”-Rektumkarzinom - inkomplette endoskopische Polypektomie - lokale Exzision
Key words
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery - pT1 “low-risk” rectal carcinoma - incomplete endoscopic polypectomy - local excision
Literatur
1
Nusko G, Mansmann U, Altendorf-Hofmann A. et al .
Risk of invasive carcinoma in colorectal adenomas assessed by size and site.
Int J Colorectal Dis.
1997;
12 (5)
267-271
2
Schmiegel W, Selbmann H K. et al .
S3-Guidelines Colorectal Cancer 2004.
Z Gastroenterol.
2004;
42
1129-1177
3
Buess G F, Raestrup H.
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery.
Surg Oncol Clin N Am.
2001;
10 (3)
709-731
4
Heintz A, Morschel M, Junginger T.
Comparison of results after transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical resection for T1 carcinoma of the rectum.
Surg Endosc.
1998;
12 (9)
1145-1148
5
Mentges B, Buess G, Schafer D. et al .
Local therapy of rectal tumors.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1996;
39 (8)
886-892
6
Mentges B, Buess G, Effinger G. et al .
Indications and results of local treatment of rectal cancer.
Br J Surg.
1997;
84 (3)
348-351
7
Schäfer H, Baldus S E, Gasper F. et al .
Submucosal infiltration and local recurrence in pT1 low-risk rectal cancer treated by transanal endoscopic microsurgery.
Chirurg.
2005;
76 (4)
379-384
8
Winde G, Nottberg H, Keller R. et al .
Surgical cure for early rectal carcinomas (T1). Transanal endoscopic microsurgery vs. anterior resection.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1996;
39 (9)
969-976
9
Doniec J M, Lohnert M S, Schniewind B. et al .
Endoscopic removal of large colorectal polyps: prevention of unnecessary surgery?.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2003;
46 (3)
340-348
10
Seitz U, Bohnacker S, Seewald S. et al .
Is endoscopic polypectomy an adequate therapy for malignant colorectal adenomas? Presentation of 114 patients and review of the literature.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2004;
47 (11)
1789-1796; discussion 1796 - 1797
11
Lipper S, Kahn L B, Ackerman L V.
The significance of microscopic invasive cancer in endoscopically removed polyps of the large bowel. A clinicopathologic study of 51 cases.
Cancer.
1983;
52 (9)
1691-1699
12
Frühmorgen P, Rufle W, Kobras S. et al .
Endoscopic Therapy of Early Colorectal Cancer (pT1) - A Prospective Study.
Z Gastroenterol.
2003;
41 (8)
703-710
13
Cooper H S, Deppisch L M, Gourley W K. et al .
Endoscopically removed malignant colorectal polyps: clinicopathologic correlations.
Gastroenterology.
1995;
108 (6)
1657-1665
14
Middleton P F, Sutherland L M, Maddern G J.
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery: a systematic review.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2005;
48 (2)
270-284
15
Nagy A, Kovacs T, Berki C. et al .
Surgical management of villous and tubulovillous adenomas of the rectum.
Orv Hetil.
1999;
140 (40)
2215-2219
16
Matzel K E, Merkel S, Hohenberger W.
Treatment principles for local management of rectal cancer.
Chirurg.
2003;
74
897-904
17
Kikuchi R, Takano M, Takagi K. et al .
Management of early invasive colorectal cancer. Risk of recurrence and clinical guidelines.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1995;
38 (12)
1286-1295
18
Nascimbeni R, Burgart L J, Nivatvongs S. et al .
Risk of lymph node metastasis in T1 carcinoma of the colon and rectum.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2002;
45 (2)
200-206
19
Deinlein P, Reulbach U, Stolte M. et al .
Risk factors for lymphatic spread from pT1 colorectal adenocarcinoma.
Pathologe.
2003;
24
387-393
20
Garcia-Aguilar J, Mellgren A, Sirivongs P. et al .
Local excision of rectal cancer without adjuvant therapy: a word of caution.
Ann Surg.
2000;
231 (3)
345-351
21
Chakravarti A, Compton C C, Shellito P C. et al .
Long-term follow-up of patients with rectal cancer managed by local excision with and without adjuvant irradiation.
Ann Surg.
1999;
230 (1)
49-54
22
Schäfer H, Baldus S E, Hölscher A H.
Giant adenomas of the rectum: complete resection by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM).
Int J Colorectal Dis.
2005;
Aug 20
1-5 [Epub ahead of print]
PD Dr. Hartmut Hans Schäfer
Visceral and Vascular Surgery
Josef-Stelzmann-Str. 9
50931 Köln
eMail: hartmut.schaefer@uni-koeln.de