Zusammenfassung
Wegen der Therapiefortschritte in der Neonatologie gibt die heute feststellbare Langzeitprognose
ehemaliger Frühgeborener nicht zwingend das künftige Outcome heutiger Frühgeborener
wieder. Unabhängig von dieser statistischen Unsicherheit lassen Langzeitstudien der
vergangenen Jahre aber erkennen, dass sich die Folgen einer Frühgeburt weit über das
Säuglingsalter hinaus erstrecken und sich in späteren Lebensphasen nicht selten in
gewandelter Form manifestieren. Dementsprechend wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag eine
Chronologie der Folgeprobleme aufgezeigt, die sich angefangen von der perinatalen
Mortalität und Frühmorbidität über das Kleinkindes-, Vorschul- und Adoleszentenalter
bis hin zum Erwachsenenalter ergeben können. Dabei wird auch ein doppelter Paradigmenwechsel
in der Neonatologie erkennbar, dem zufolge das Outcome von Frühgeborenen zum einen
nicht von der Unreife allein abhängt, sondern wesentlich durch die Ursachen der Frühgeburtlichkeit
(Infektion, intrauterine Mangelversorgung) mitbestimmt wird, und zum anderen auch
nicht am Ende der Klinikaufenthaltes unveränderlich feststeht, sondern vielmehr im
weiteren Verlauf erheblich von familiären Faktoren moduliert wird. Diese Erkenntnisse
bilden, auch wenn die statistische Datenlage im Einzelnen noch im Fluss ist, die Grundlage
für eine qualifizierte Langzeitbetreuung von Frühgeborenen, die nach der zunehmenden
Etablierung der Akutbehandlungsstrategien eine immer wichtigere Zukunftsaufgabe der
Neonatologie innerhalb der Pädiatrie darstellen wird.
Abstract
In view of the current progress in neonatal intensive care, the present outcome of
former preterm neonates does not necessarily reflect the future outcome of today’s
preterm neonates. In spite of this statistical uncertainty, long-term follow-up studies
performed in the past few years point to the fact that the sequelae of prematurity
may appear well beyond infancy and may be revealed in varying manners with increasing
age. Therefore, a chronological account of the consequences of prematurity is given
in this paper, ranging from perinatal mortality/morbidity to the problems to be observed
during early childhood, preschool age, and adolescence right up to the long-term sequelae
arising in later adulthood. Within this context, a two-fold paradigm shift in neonatology
becomes apparent in that, first, the outcome of preterm neonates is not a result of
immaturity per se, yet is significantly influenced by the factors leading to preterm
birth (inflammation, intrauterine growth restriction), and, second, the sequelae of
prematurity do not end with the end of neonatal intensive care, but are greatly modulated
by familial conditions in their further course. Even though the statistical data are
still subject to changes, these insights form the basis of a structured long-term
follow-up of preterm neonates which, after the progressive establishment of acute
treatment strategies, will become an increasingly important challenge to neonatology
within the framework of paediatrics.
Schlüsselwörter
Frühgeburt - Ursachen - Prognose - Nachsorge
Key words
Prematurity - causes - outcome - follow-up
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PD Dr. med. D. Singer
Perinatalzentrum
Universitäts-Kinderklinik
Josef-Schneider-Straße 2
97080 Würzburg
Phone: 0931/201-27484
Fax: 0931/201-61805
Email: d.singer@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de