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DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-933709
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Gesundheitliche Bedeutung inhalierter Stäube
Pulmonary effects of airborne particlesPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 14.12.2005
akzeptiert: 9.2.2006
Publikationsdatum:
17. März 2006 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Als Staub werden feinkörnige bzw. feinfaserige Teilchen einer festen Substanz bezeichnet, die abgelagert sind oder sich in einem Gas oder einer Flüssigkeit im Schwebezustand befinden. Eine langjährige Exposition gegenüber Stäuben, die Silikat (Quarz, Tridymit, Cristobalit) oder Asbest (Chrysotil, Amphibolasbest, Krokydolith, Amosit) enthalten, bedingt die Entwicklung von obstruktiven, restriktiven Lungenerkrankungen und/oder Malignomen der Lunge und/oder der Pleura. Bei nachgewiesener Exposition am Arbeitsplatz kann die jeweilige Erkrankung als Berufskrankheit anerkannt werden. Weitere versicherungsrechtlich relevante Pneumokoniosen werden von Talkum, Hartmetallen oder Aluminium verursacht. Auch künstliche Mineralfasern wirken proinflammatorisch. Sehr hohe intraperitoneal injizierte Faserkonzentrationen führen tierexperimentell zur Karzinomentwicklung. Ein solcher Zusammenhang ist gegenwärtig beim Menschen nach Inhalation jedoch unwahrscheinlich. Auch die Feinstaubinhalation (PM10 und PM2,5 ; particulate matter) besitzt eine Vielzahl von pathogenen Effekten auf das kardiovaskuläre System und die Lunge mit Mortalitätssteigerung in epidemiologischen Studien.
Summary
Particulates refer to particles, dust, dirt, soot and aerosol mists that has suspended in the surrounding air. They may consist of solids of various forms including fibres or liquids. Long term exposure to silicon dioxide containing dusts (crystalline silica: quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, stishovite) may cause pneumoconiosis in the form of acute or/either chronic silicosis. Asbestos refers to a divers family of crystalline hydrated fibrous siliates typically exhibiting a greater tha 3:1 length ot diameter ratio. It is subdivided into serpentine (Chrysotile) and amphibole (crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite, actinolite). Exposure to asbestos fibres may cause lung fibrosis and promote cancer of the lung or the pleura. Besides the induction of malignant diseases dust exposure may result in obstructive as well as restrictive lung diseases which may be compensate in case of the recognition as a occupational diseases. Other occupational exposures leading to pneumoconiosis are caused be talc, or metals including aluminium containing dusts. Also the group of man-made mineral (MMMFs) or vitreous fibres (MMVFs), including glass wool, rock wool, slag wool, glass filaments, microfibres, refractory ceramic fibres are bioactive under certain experimental conditions. Although it has been shown that MMMFs may cause malignancies when injected intraperitoneally in high quantities in rodents, inhalation trials and human studies could not reproduce these results in the same precision. Fine particles (particulate matter = PM) comprise one of the most widespread and harmful air pollutants in the industrialized world. PM may cause worsening of asthma and other respiratory diseases, reduce lung function development in children, potentially increased the risk of premature death in the elderly and enhance mortality from cardiac diseases. Because of the small size PM2.5 is seen to be even more hazardous than PM10.
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Prof. Dr. med. A. Gillissen
Robert Koch-Klinik, Klinikum „St. Georg“
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