Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-942145
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea in Untreated Macroprolactinoma - an Indication for Primary Surgical Therapy
Report of Two CasesManifestation von Makroprolaktinomen durch spontane Rhino-Liquorrhö - eine Indikation für die primäre operative TherapieZwei FallberichtePublication History
Publication Date:
06 September 2006 (online)
Abstract
Background: Medical therapy is usually indicated as first-line treatment for prolactinomas. Surgery is generally reserved as second-line therapy if prolactinomas are non-responsive to dopamine agonists (DA) or DA therapy is not tolerated. Herein, we draw attention to the rare occurrence of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea in prolactinomas requiring primary surgical therapy. Only 8 cases of confirmed prolactinomas with spontaneous rhinorrhea have been reported in the literature so far. Case Reports: Two out of 267 surgical cases with pituitary adenomas presented with spontaneous rhinorrhea. Both patients harbored invasive prolactinomas. In both cases, the defect was exposed using a transsphenoidal procedure and was sealed with fascia lata. Results: Urgent surgical repair of the leak prevented meningitis. In one case, a second operation was required due to recurrent rhinorrhea under postoperative dopamine-agonist therapy of the residual tumor. The clinical course was otherwise uncomplicated. Conclusion: Certain clinical settings still require primary surgical therapy of prolactinomas. Spontaneous rhinorrhea caused by invasive macroprolactinomas represents a mandatory indication for initial surgery. Early detection and surgical repair of a CSF leak is crucial for a favorable clinical outcome.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die medikamentöse Therapie stellt bei Prolaktinomen heute die Behandlung der ersten Wahl dar. Die operative Behandlung kommt üblicherweise nur bei Unverträglichkeit oder fehlendem Ansprechen von Dopamin-Agonisten zum Einsatz. Wir weisen hier auf die seltene spontane Rhino-Liquorrhö bei Prolaktinomen hin, die eine primäre operative Therapie erfordert. Bislang wurden in der Literatur nur 8 Fälle bestätigter Prolaktinome beschrieben, die sich durch spontane Liquorrhö manifestierten. Fallberichte: In einer konsekutiven Serie von 267 Erstoperationen bei Hypophysenadenomen fanden sich 2 Fälle mit spontaner Rhino-Liquorrhö. Bei beiden Patienten lag ein invasives Prolaktinom vor. In beiden Fällen wurde ein transsphenoidaler Zugang gewählt und der Defekt wurde mit Faszia lata verschlossen. Ergebnisse: Die rasche operative Deckung der Liquorfistel verhinderte bei beiden Patienten das Auftreten einer bedrohlichen Meningitis. Bei einem Patienten wurde eine zweite Operation erforderlich, da unter postoperativer Behandlung des Resttumors mit Dopamin-Agonisten erneut eine Rhino-Liquorrhö auftrat. Die Verläufe waren ansonsten komplikationslos. Schlussfolgerung: Gewisse klinische Konstellationen erfordern auch heute noch die primäre operative Behandlung von Prolaktinomen. Die spontane Rhino-Liquorrhö bei invasiven Prolaktinomen ist eine zwingende Indikation für die initiale operative Versorgung. Der frühe Nachweis und der Verschluss der Liquorfistel sind Voraussetzung für einen günstigen klinischen Verlauf.
Key words
Prolactinoma - cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea - transsphenoidal surgery - pituitary adenoma
Schlüsselwörter
Prolaktinom - Rhino-Liquorrhö - transsphenoidale Operation - Hypophysenadenom
References
- 1 Aronoff S L, Daughaday W H, Laws E R. Bromocriptine treatment of prolactinomas. N Engl J Med. 1979; 300 1391
- 2 Barlas O, Bayindir C, Hepgül K, Can M, Kiris T, Sencer E, Ünal F, Aral F. Bromocriptine-induced cerebrospinal fluid fistula in patients with macroprolactinomas. Report of three cases and a review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1994; 41 486-489
- 3 Bilo H JG, Ponssen H, van der Veen E A, Wolbers J G. Rhinorrhoea as the presenting symptom of pituitary adenoma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1984; 86 47-49
- 4 Bronstein M D, Musolino N R, Benabou S, Marino R. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurring in long-term bromocriptine treatment for macroprolactinomas. Surg Neurol. 1989; 32 346-349
- 5 Cappabianca P, Lodrini S, Felisati G, Peca C, Cozzi R, Di Sarno A, Cavallo L M, Giombini S, Colao A. Cabergoline-induced CSF rhinorrhea in patients with macroprolactinoma. Report of three cases. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001; 24 183-187
- 6 Clayton R N, Webb J, Heath D A, Dunn P JS, Rolfe E B, Hockley A D. Dramatic and rapid shrinkage of a massive invasive prolactinoma with bromocriptine. A case report. Clin Endocrinol. 1985; 22 573-581
- 7 Cole I E, Keene M. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea in pituitary tumours. J R Soc Med. 1980; 73 244-254
- 8 Couldwell W T, Rovit R L, Weiss M H. Role of surgery in the treatment of microprolactinomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003; 14 89-92
- 9 Fager C A. Nature and treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in pituitary tumors. Surg Clin N Am. 1973; 53 283-290
- 10 Giovanelli M, Perria C. Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea with pituitary adenoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1967; 16 261-266
- 11 Hanel R A, Prevedello D MS, Correa A, Antoniuk A, Araújo J C. Cerebrospinal fluid fistula as the presenting manifestation of pituitary adenoma. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2001; 59 263-265
- 12 Henderson W R. The pituitary adenomata. A follow-up study of the surgical results in 338 cases (Dr. Harvey Cushing's series). Br J Surg. 1938; 26 811-921
- 13 Hewage U CL, Colman P G, Kaye A. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea occurring six days after commencement of bromocriptine for invasive macroprolactinoma. Aust NZ J Med. 2000; 30 399-400
- 14 Hildebrandt G, Zierski J, Christophis P, Laun A, Schatz H, Lancranjan I, Klug N. Rhinorrhea following dopamine agonist therapy of invasive macroprolactinoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1989; 96 107-113
- 15 Holness R O, Shlossberg A H, Heffernan L PM. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea caused by bromocriptine therapy of prolactinoma. Neurology. 1984; 34 111-113
- 16 Hubbard J L, McDonald T J, Pearson B W, Laws E R. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Evolving concepts in diagnosis and surgical management based on the Mayo Clinic experience from 1970 through 1981. Neurosurgery. 1985; 16 314-321
- 17 Kok J G, Bartelink A KM, Schulte B PM, Smals A, Pieters G, Meyer E, Merx H. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea during treatment with bromocriptine for prolactinoma. Neurology. 1985; 35 1193-1195
- 18 Landolt A M. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. A complication of therapy for invasive prolactinomas. Neurosurgery. 1982; 11 395-401
- 19 Leong K S, Foy P M, Swift A C, Atkin S L, Hadden D R, MacFarlane I A. CSF rhinorrhoea following treatment with dopamine agonists for massive invasive prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol. 2000; 52 43-49
- 20 Molitch M E. Management of prolactinomas during pregnancy. J Reprod Med. 1999; 44 1121-1126
- 21 Molitch M E. Diagnosis and treatment of prolactinomas. Adv Intern Med. 1999; 44 117-153
- 22 Molitch M E. Medical management of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2002; 5 55-65
- 23 Molitch M E, Elton R L, Blackwell R E, Caldwell B, Chang R J, Jaffe R, Joplin G, Robbins R J, Tyson J, Thorner M O. Bromocriptine as primary therapy for prolactin-secreting macroadenomas. Result of a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985; 60 698-705
- 24 Nakajima T, Tamura T, Kuroki M, Tanaka R, Hayashi H. A case of prolactinoma presenting with CSF rhinorrhea and CSF otorrhea during bromocriptine therapy. No Shinkei Geka. 1992; 20 1091-1095
- 25 Nutkiewicz A, DeFeo D R, Kohut R I, Fierstien S. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as a presentation of pituitary adenoma. Neurosurgery. 1980; 6 195-197
- 26 Obana W G, Hodes J E, Weinstein P R, Wilson C B. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in patients with untreated pituitary adenoma. Report of two cases. Surg Neurol. 1990; 33 336-340
- 27 Ohtakara K, Matsubara T, Kojima T, Taki W, Waga S. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea associated with untreated prolactinoma. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2000; 40 413-418
- 28 Pascal-Vigneron V, Weryha G, Braun M, Morel-Jean J, Bisset S, Leclère J. La rhinorrhée et l'otorrhée: des complications rares du traitement médical des prolactinomes invasifs. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 1993; 54 347-351
- 29 Rothrock J F, Laguna J F, Reynolds A F. CSF rhinorrhea from untreated pituitary adenoma. Arch Neurol. 1982; 39 442-443
- 30 Roux F X, Nataf F, Page P, Devaux B, Brami F. The role of surgery in the treatment of prolactinomas. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2002; 30 367-373
- 31 Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, Ferrari C I, Ismail I, Scanlon M F. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331 904-909
Dr. J. B. Honegger
Department of Neurosurgery · University of Tuebingen · CRONA
Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3
72076 Tübingen
Germany
Phone: +49/70 71/2 98 67 41
Fax: +49/70 71/29 45 49
Email: juergen.honegger@med.uni-tuebingen.de